La regolazione europea in materia di dati sembra cambiare paradigma: l’enfasi non è più solo sul profilo della protezione e del controllo, ma anche della condivisione. In questa direzione vanno, in ...particolare, il Data Governance Act e il Data Act. Il primo, infatti, promuove il riutilizzo di dati protetti detenuti da enti pubblici, l’intermediazione e il c.d. altruismo dei dati. Il secondo si incentra sui temi dell’accesso ai dati, del diritto di condividere i dati con i terzi e infine sull’obbligo di mettere i dati di soggetti privati a disposizione di enti pubblici per necessità eccezionali. Insomma, la nuova stagione regolatoria europea libera nuovi flussi di dati tra settore pubblico e settore privato (Business to Government e Government to Business). Il contributo propone una rilettura in chiave critica di tali normative e promuove l’idea dei data for common good: un regime speciale per i dati detenuti da soggetti privati ma di pubblico interesse, che vada ad integrare le policy di sostenibilità sociale delle grandi imprese.
Il contributo indaga il tema della regolazione dei mercati digitali, con particolare riferimento alla recente ondata regolatoria europea che ha riguardato le grandi piattaforme. Sono approfonditi i ...modelli teorici di riferimento: la prospettiva della deregulation, quella della autoregolazione e, infine, quella della coregolazione. Si conclude per un modello di regolazione pubblico-privata, nel quale il circolo regolatorio sia aperto, tramite la fissazione di princìpi generali, e chiuso, tramite un efficace sistema di enforcement, dal soggetto pubblico, ma integrato dal contributo tecnico dei nuovi protagonisti del mercato digitale. / 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑: 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓-𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜-𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐼𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐-𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚, 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠.
This is the first study that quantifies explicitly the impact of present vegetation on concentrations and depositions, considering simultaneously its effects on meteorology, biogenic emissions, ...dispersion, and dry deposition in three European cities: Bologna, Milan, and Madrid. The behaviour of three pollutants (O3, NO2, and PM10) was investigated considering two different scenarios, with the actual vegetation (VEG) and without it (NOVEG) for two months, representative of summer and winter seasons: July and January. The evaluation is based on simulations performed with two state-of-the-art atmospheric modelling systems (AMS) that use similar but not identical descriptions of physical and chemical atmospheric processes: AMS-MINNI for the two Italian cities and WRF-CMAQ for the Spanish city. The choice of using two AMS and applying one of them in two cities has been made to ensure the robustness of the results needed for their further generalization. The analysis of the spatial distribution of the vegetation effects on air concentrations and depositions shows that they are highly variable from one grid cell to another in the city area, with positive/negative effects or high/low effects in adjacent cells being observed for the three pollutants investigated in all cities. According to the pollutant, on a monthly basis, the highest differences in concentrations (VEG-NOVEG) produced by vegetation were estimated in July for O3 (−7.40 μg/m3 in Madrid and +2.67 μg/m3 in Milan) and NO2 (−3.01 μg/m3 in Milan and +7.17 μg/m3 in Madrid) and in January for PM10 (−3.14 μg/m3 in Milan +2.01 μg/m3 in Madrid). Thus, in some parts of the cities, the presence of vegetation had produced an increase in pollutant concentrations despite its efficient removal action that ranges from ca. 17% for O3 in Bologna (January) to ca. 77% for NO2 in Madrid (July).
Air pollution represents a global threat leading to large impacts on health and ecosystems and many European areas still show a poor air quality. Air quality forecasts are instruments, which may ...support authorities and citizens in reducing these impacts. This work presents the development and the performance evaluation of an air quality forecast system for Italy: FORAIR- IT. It operates at both European and Italian scales at 20 km and 4 km resolution, respectively. The forecasts’ performances are evaluated against measurements, through a comparison with CAMS_50 validated reanalysis ensemble and by an in depth evaluation during a long lasting PM10 episode, which occurred in Emilia Romagna region in October 2017. The results show similar skill scores between FORAIT-IT and CAMS_50 for PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3 concentrations. The increase of model resolution over Italy and the use of the national emission inventory lead to a better reproduction of pollutant concentrations at urban and suburban sites for PM10, PM2.5 and NO2. The analysis of the pollution episode shows that the correct forecast of the meteorological forcing is fundamental in capturing both the timing and the occurrence of the exceedances, while the poor performance of the model in reproducing the magnitude of the exceedances may be due to the lack of information on some emissions sources such as agricultural biomass burning.
•FORAIR-IT is a state-of-the-art air quality forecasting system.•FORAIR-IT operates over Italy and Europe at different resolution.•FORAIR-IT may be a useful tool to be used by the decision-makers.•The increase of resolution improves the model performances.•Performance are still accurate at the third day forecast.
