Temperatures have increased around the globe, affecting many ecosystems, including high-elevation Andean streams where important aquatic insect species coexist. Depending on the magnitude of change, ...warming could lead to the mortality of sensitive species, and those tolerant to rising water temperatures may exhibit differences in growth rates and development. Taxon-specific optimal temperature ranges for growth determine how high or low temperatures alter an organism's body size. In this study, we observed the effects of different climate change scenarios (following three scenarios of the 2021 IPCC predictions) in two aquatic insect species distributed in high-elevation streams in Ecuador: the mayfly Andesiops peruvianus (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) and the caddisfly Anomalocosmoecus illiesi (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). We assessed how increased water temperatures affect larval growth rates and mortality during a 10-day microcosm experiment. Our results showed that Andesiops peruvianus was more thermally sensitive than Anomalocosmoecus illiesi. Mortality was higher (more than 50% of the individuals) in mayflies than in caddisflies, which presented mortality below 12% at +2.5°C and +5°C. Mortality in mayflies was related to lower dissolved oxygen levels in increased temperature chambers. Higher temperatures affected body size and dry mass with a faster growth rate of Andesiops peruvianus larvae at experimentally higher temperatures, suggesting an important response of this hemimetabolous species to stream temperatures. For Anomalocosmoecus illiesi, we did not find significant changes in mortality, body size or growth rate in response to temperature changes during our experiment. In situ outcomes of species survival and growth in Andean streams are difficult to predict. Nevertheless, our results suggest that at only +2.5°C, a water temperature increase affected the two insect taxa differentially, leading to a drastic outcome for one species' larvae while selecting for a more tolerant species. Our study suggests that climate change might produce significant mortality and growth rate effects on ectotherm tropical aquatic insects, especially Andean mayflies, which showed higher sensitivity to increased water temperature scenarios.
Species richness is greatest in the tropics, and much of this diversity is concentrated in mountains. Janzen proposed that reduced seasonal temperature variation selects for narrower thermal ...tolerances and limited dispersal along tropical elevation gradients Janzen DH (1967) Am Nat 101:233–249. These locally adapted traits should, in turn, promote reproductive isolation and higher speciation rates in tropical mountains compared with temperate ones. Here, we show that tropical and temperate montane stream insects have diverged in thermal tolerance and dispersal capacity, two key traits that are drivers of isolation in montane populations. Tropical species in each of three insect clades have markedly narrower thermal tolerances and lower dispersal than temperate species, resulting in significantly greater population divergence, higher cryptic diversity, higher tropical speciation rates, and greater accumulation of species over time. Our study also indicates that tropical montane species, with narrower thermal tolerance and reduced dispersal ability, will be especially vulnerable to rapid climate change.
Rhyacoglanis pulcher is a rare Neotropical rheophilic bumblebee catfish known only from the type locality in the Cis-Andean Amazon region, Ecuador, and the type-species of the genus. So far, the ...three syntypes collected in 1880 were the only specimens unambiguously associated to the name R. pulcher available in scientific collections. Recently, a specimen was discovered in a fast-flowing stretch of the Villano river, a tributary of the Curaray river, Napo river basin, Ecuador, representing a new record after nearly 140 years. Here, we present this new record, identified by morphology, provide the DNA barcode sequence of the specimen, and propose why the species of Rhyacoglanis are scarce in zoological collections. Additionally, we discuss the intraspecific variation in the color pattern observed in R. pulcher.
Andes-to-Amazon river connectivity controls numerous natural and human systems in the greater Amazon. However, it is being rapidly altered by a wave of new hydropower development, the impacts of ...which have been previously underestimated. We document 142 dams existing or under construction and 160 proposed dams for rivers draining the Andean headwaters of the Amazon. Existing dams have fragmented the tributary networks of six of eight major Andean Amazon river basins. Proposed dams could result in significant losses in river connectivity in river mainstems of five of eight major systems-the Napo, Marañón, Ucayali, Beni, and Mamoré. With a newly reported 671 freshwater fish species inhabiting the Andean headwaters of the Amazon (>500 m), dams threaten previously unrecognized biodiversity, particularly among endemic and migratory species. Because Andean rivers contribute most of the sediment in the mainstem Amazon, losses in river connectivity translate to drastic alteration of river channel and floodplain geomorphology and associated ecosystem services.
The detrital‐based food web of many streams and rivers plays a fundamental role in the cycling and retention of carbon and nutrients. However, we still need to understand which global mechanisms ...underlie the biogeochemical pathways that control energy transfer from the detrital pool through local food webs into nutrient and energy cycles and storage. Previous attempts to understand the variability in litter breakdown rates have included the search for latitudinal variation patterns and analysis of the influence of different factors. Here we complement those studies by developing a conceptual model to predict litter breakdown dynamics in low order streams. According to the model, litter breakdown rates and the relative role of microbial decomposers and shredder detritivores on this process are hierarchically governed by interactions between climate/hydrology and geology acting upon plant traits, nutrient and leaf availability to decomposers, and metabolism of microbial decomposers and shredders. The model explains variations in leaf litter breakdown rates and shredder abundance across large geographic areas, allowing the formulation of predictions of how anthropogenic pressures may affect litter breakdown rates.
Human impacts outpace natural processes in the Amazon Albert, James S; Carnaval, Ana C; Flantua, Suzette G A ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
01/2023, Letnik:
379, Številka:
6630
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Amazonian environments are being degraded by modern industrial and agricultural activities at a pace far above anything previously known, imperiling its vast biodiversity reserves and globally ...important ecosystem services. The most substantial threats come from regional deforestation, because of export market demands, and global climate change. The Amazon is currently perched to transition rapidly from a largely forested to a nonforested landscape. These changes are happening much too rapidly for Amazonian species, peoples, and ecosystems to respond adaptively. Policies to prevent the worst outcomes are known and must be enacted immediately. We now need political will and leadership to act on this information. To fail the Amazon is to fail the biosphere, and we fail to act at our peril.
A global perspective on tropical montane rivers Encalada, Andrea C; Flecker, Alexander S; Poff, N LeRoy ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
09/2019, Letnik:
365, Številka:
6458
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Tropical montane rivers (TMR) are born in tropical mountains, descend through montane forests, and feed major rivers, floodplains, and oceans. They are characterized by rapid temperature clines and ...varied flow disturbance regimes, both of which promote habitat heterogeneity, high biological diversity and endemism, and distinct organisms' life-history adaptations. Production, transport, and processing of sediments, nutrients, and carbon are key ecosystem processes connecting high-elevation streams with lowland floodplains, in turn influencing soil fertility and biotic productivity downstream. TMR provide key ecosystem services to hundreds of millions of people in tropical nations. In light of existing human-induced disturbances, including climate change, TMR can be used as natural model systems to examine the effects of rapid changes in abiotic drivers and their influence on biodiversity and ecosystem function.
Janzen's extension of the climate variability hypothesis (CVH) posits that increased seasonal variation at high latitudes should result in greater temperature overlap across elevations, and favour ...wider thermal breadths in temperate organisms compared to their tropical counterparts.
We tested these predictions by measuring stream temperatures and thermal breadths (i.e. the difference between the critical thermal maximum and minimum) of 62 aquatic insect species from temperate (Colorado, USA) and tropical (Papallacta, Ecuador) streams spanning an elevation gradient of c. 2000 m.
Temperate streams exhibited greater seasonal temperature variation and overlap across elevations than tropical streams, and as predicted, temperate aquatic insects exhibited broader thermal breadths than tropical insects. However, elevation had contrasting effects on patterns of thermal breadth. In temperate species, thermal breadth decreased with increasing elevation because CTMAX declined with elevation while CTMIN was similar across elevations. In tropical insects, by contrast, CTMAX declined less sharply than CTMIN with elevation, causing thermal breadth to increase with elevation.
These macrophysiological patterns are consistent with the narrower elevation ranges found in other tropical organisms, and they extend Janzen's CVH to freshwater streams. Furthermore, because lowland tropical aquatic insects have the narrowest thermal breadths of any region, they may be particularly vulnerable to short‐term extreme changes in stream temperature.
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Glaciers that directly feed high‐altitude streams create unique environmental conditions that contribute substantially to regional‐scale lotic habitat diversity and biodiversity, including ...intra‐specific genetic diversity (as population structure) between glacier‐fed and other types of streams (e.g. groundwater‐fed). However, these population‐genetic patterns are thus far only understood for macroinvertebrates in the temperate zone, where strong seasonality and narrow temporal windows for emergence and mating could help drive patterns of genetic differentiation between streams with contrasting temperature, flow, or other environmental characteristics influencing life‐history patterns.
Our primary objective was to assess population‐genetic structure between groundwater‐(GW) and glacier runoff‐fed (RO) streams in high‐altitude tropical (relatively aseasonal) basins of the Ecuadorian Andes. Our focal species was Andesiops peruvianus, a baetid mayfly confamilial with well‐studied temperate alpine mayflies. We pursued secondary objectives of evaluating broader scale population‐genetic patterns across mountain ranges for the first time in high‐altitude tropical streams, and evaluating genetic evidence for recovery from population bottlenecks in this volcanically active region.
For the primary objective, we collected A. peruvianus (mean N = 16.5 per reach) and a suite of environmental variables from six intra‐basin pairs of GW/RO stream reaches at altitudes 4000–4300 m a.s.l. on three glaciated volcanoes representing two parallel sub‐ranges of the Ecuadorian Andes. We tested for significant GW/RO pairwise differences in haplotype distribution and genetic diversity obtained by sequencing the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene. For the broader scale sub‐objectives, we added two unpaired populations (total N = 231) and evaluated genetic structure at nested spatial scales of streams/basins/mountains, and we tested for differences between mountains. We also measured Tajima's D and Fu's FS to evaluate evidence for demographic instability at the scale of individual mountains, each with a different volcanic history.
We found no evidence for population structure between GW and RO streams within basins. Population structure among basins within mountains was significant, but only in areas where streams occupied deep, physically isolating canyons. Comparisons between all possible pairs of the three mountains revealed significant structure, but pairwise ΦST was an order of magnitude greater between pairs of mountains occupying different ranges than for the pair in the same range. Indeed, no haplotypes were shared between the two Andean sub‐ranges. All three mountains, regardless of recent volcanic history, showed a significant signature of recovery from recent bottleneck.
Our results suggest that strong environmental differences between glacial runoff and groundwater stream types do not isolate these tropical, high‐altitude mayfly populations. Rather, populations are panmictic within basins. Broader scale patterns among mountains suggest that dispersal and gene flow in these tropical streams proceed similarly to temperate alpine systems; that is, relatively strong isolation among mountains but reasonable capacity for gene flow between headwaters in close proximity on a single mountain. A notable difference from the temperate studies is that mayfly populations in Ecuadorian high‐altitude streams appear to be demographically unstable, regardless of the recent volcanic eruption history of the mountain they occupy. Frequent eruptions in this volatile region might affect streams across areas more extensive than a single mountain.
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