Latent space exploration is a technique that discovers interpretable latent directions and manipulates latent codes to edit various attributes in images generated by generative adversarial networks ...(GANs). However, in previous work, spatial control is limited to simple transformations (e.g., translation and rotation), and it is laborious to identify appropriate latent directions and adjust their parameters. In this paper, we tackle the problem of editing the StyleGAN image layout by annotating the image directly. To do so, we propose an interactive framework for manipulating latent codes in accordance with the user inputs. In our framework, the user annotates a StyleGAN image with locations they want to move or not and specifies a movement direction by mouse dragging. From these user inputs and initial latent codes, our latent transformer based on a transformer encoder‐decoder architecture estimates the output latent codes, which are fed to the StyleGAN generator to obtain a result image. To train our latent transformer, we utilize synthetic data and pseudo‐user inputs generated by off‐the‐shelf StyleGAN and optical flow models, without manual supervision. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of our method over existing methods.
Age has historically been used to predict negative post-surgical outcomes. The concept of frailty was introduced to explain the discrepancies that exist between patients’ chronological and ...physiological age. The efficacy of the modified frailty index (mFI) to predict surgical risk is not clear.
We sought to synthesize the current literature to quantify the impact of frailty as a prognostic indicator across all surgical specialties.
Pubmed and Cochrane databases were screened from inception to 1 January 2018.
Studies utilizing the modified Frailty Index (mFI) as a post-operative indicator of any type of surgery. The mFI was selected based on a preliminary search showing it to be the most commonly applied index in surgical cohorts.
Articles were selected via a two-stage process undertaken by two reviewers (AP and DS). Statistical analysis was performed in Revman (Review manager V5.3). The random-effects model was used to calculate the Risk Ratios (RR).
The primary outcomes: post-operative complications, re-admission, re-operation, discharge to a skilled care facility, and mortality.
This meta-analysis of 16 studies randomizes 683,487 patients, 444,885 frail, from gastrointestinal, vascular, orthopedic, urogenital, head and neck, emergency, neurological, oncological, cardiothoracic, as well as general surgery cohorts. Frail patients were more likely to experience complications (RR 1.48, 95%CI 1.35–1.61; p < 0.001), major complications (RR 2.03, 95%CI 1.26–3.29; p = 0.004), and wound complications (RR 1.52, 95%CI 1.47–1.57; p < 0.001). Furthermore, frail patients had higher risk of readmission (RR 1.61, 95%CI 1.44–1.80; p < 0.001) and discharge to skilled care (RR 2.15, 95%CI 1.92–2.40; p < 0.001). Notably, the risk of mortality was 4.19 times more likely in frail patients (95% CI 2.96–5.92; p < 0.001).
and Relevance: This study is the first to synthesize the evidence across multiple surgical specialties and demonstrates that the mFI is an underappreciated prognostic indicator that strongly correlates with the risk of post-surgical morbidity and mortality. This supports that formal incorporation of pre-operative frailty assessment improves surgical decision-making.
•The mFI correlates with higher rates of post-operative complications, readmission, reoperation, and mortality.•Formal incorporation of preoperative frailty assessment using the mFI can improve surgical risk stratification.
Semantic image synthesis is a process for generating photorealistic images from a single semantic mask. To enrich the diversity of multimodal image synthesis, previous methods have controlled the ...global appearance of an output image by learning a single latent space. However, a single latent code is often insufficient for capturing various object styles because object appearance depends on multiple factors. To handle individual factors that determine object styles, we propose a class‐ and layer‐wise extension to the variational autoencoder (VAE) framework that allows flexible control over each object class at the local to global levels by learning multiple latent spaces. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our method generates images that are both plausible and more diverse compared to state‐of‐the‐art methods via extensive experiments with real and synthetic datasets in three different domains. We also show that our method enables a wide range of applications in image synthesis and editing tasks.
We have investigated the atomic structure of superconducting Ca-intercalated bilayer graphene on a SiC(0001) substrate using total-reflection high-energy positron diffraction. By comparing the ...experimental rocking-curves with ones calculated for various structural models using a full-dynamical theory, we have found that Ca atoms are intercalated in the graphene-buffer interlayer, rather than between the two graphene layers. From transport measurements, the superconducting transition was observed to be at Tconset = 4 K for this structure. This study is the first to clearly identify the relation between the atomic arrangement and superconductivity in Ca-intercalated bilayer graphene.
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Our observations of TMC-1 with the Yebes 40 m radio telescope in the 31.0–50.3 GHz range allowed us to detect a group of unidentified lines, showing a complex line pattern indicative of an open-shell ...species. The observed frequencies of these lines and the similarity of the spectral pattern with that of the 2
0, 2
–1
0, 1
rotational transition of H
2
CCN indicate that the lines arise from the deuterated cyanomethyl radical, HDCCN. Using Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy experiments combined with electric discharges, we succeeded in producing the radical HDCCN in the laboratory and observed its 1
0, 1
–0
0, 0
and 2
0, 2
–1
0, 1
rotational transitions. From our observations and assuming a rotational temperature of 5 K, we derive an abundance ratio H
2
CCN/HDCCN = 20 ± 4. The high abundance of the deuterated form of H
2
CCN is well accounted for by a standard gas-phase model, in which deuteration is driven by deuteron transfer from the H
2
D
+
molecular ion.
The modern supervised approaches for human image relighting rely on training data generated from 3D human models. However, such datasets are often small (e.g., Light Stage data with a small number of ...individuals) or limited to diffuse materials (e.g., commercial 3D scanned human models). Thus, the human relighting techniques suffer from the poor generalization capability and synthetic‐to‐real domain gap. In this paper, we propose a two‐stage method for single‐image human relighting with domain adaptation. In the first stage, we train a neural network for diffuse‐only relighting. In the second stage, we train another network for enhancing non‐diffuse reflection by learning residuals between real photos and images reconstructed by the diffuse‐only network. Thanks to the second stage, we can achieve higher generalization capability against various cloth textures, while reducing the domain gap. Furthermore, to handle input videos, we integrate illumination‐aware deep video prior to greatly reduce flickering artifacts even with challenging settings under dynamic illuminations.
Context.
The reaction between carbon atoms and vinyl cyanide, CH
2
CHCN, is a formation route to interstellar 3-cyano propargyl radical, CH
2
C
3
N, a species that has recently been discovered in ...space. The 1-cyano propargyl radical (HC
3
HCN), an isomer of CH
2
C
3
N, is predicted to be produced in the same reaction at least twice more efficiently than CH
2
C
3
N. Hence, HC
3
HCN is a plausible candidate to be observed in space as well.
Aims.
We aim to generate the HC
3
HCN radical in the gas phase in order to investigate its rotational spectrum. The derived spectroscopic parameters for this species will be used to obtain reliable frequency predictions to support its detection in space.
Methods.
The HC
3
HCN radical was produced by an electric discharge, and its rotational spectrum was characterized using a Balle-Flygare narrowband-type Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer operating in the frequency region of 4–40 GHz. The spectral analysis was supported by high-level ab initio calculations.
Results.
A total of 193 hyperfine components that originated from 12 rotational transitions,
a
- and
b
-type, were measured for the HC
3
HCN radical. The analysis allowed us to accurately determine 22 molecular constants, including rotational and centrifugal distortion constants as well as the fine and hyperfine constants. Transition frequency predictions were used to search for the HC
3
HCN radical in TMC-1 using the QUIJOTE survey between 30 and 50 GHz. We do not detect HC
3
HCN in TMC-1 and derive a 3
σ
upper limit to its column density of 6.0 × 10
11
cm
−2
.
We report the detection, for the first time in space, of cyano thioformaldehyde (HCSCN) and propynethial (HCSCCH) towards the starless core TMC-1. Cyano thioformaldehyde presents a series of ...prominent
- and
-type lines, which are the strongest previously unassigned features in our Q-band line survey of TMC-1. Remarkably, HCSCN is four times more abundant than cyano formaldehyde (HCOCN). On the other hand, HCSCCH is five times less abundant than propynal (HCOCCH). Surprisingly, we find an abundance ratio HCSCCH/HCSCN of ∼ 0.25, in contrast with most other ethynyl-cyanide pairs of molecules for which the CCH-bearing species is more abundant than the CN-bearing one. We discuss the formation of these molecules in terms of neutral-neutral reactions of S atoms with CH
CCH and CH
CN radicals as well as of CCH and CN radicals with H
CS. The calculated abundances for the sulphur-bearing species are, however, significantly below the observed values, which points to an underestimation of the abundance of atomic sulphur in the model or to missing formation reactions, such as ion-neutral reactions.
Using the Yebes 40m and IRAM 30m radio telescopes, we detected a series of harmonically related lines with a rotational constant B 0=4460.590±0.001 MHz and a distortion constant D 0=0.511 ±0.005 kHz ...towards the cold dense core TMC-1. High-level-of-theory ab initio calculations indicate that the best possible candidate is protonated tricarbon monoxide, HC3O+. We have succeeded in producing this species in the laboratory and observed its J u -J l = 2-1 and 3-2 rotational transitions. Hence, we report the discovery of HC3O+ in space based on our observations, theoretical calculations, and laboratory experiments. We derive an abundance ratio N(C3O)/N(HC3O+)~7. The high abundance of the protonated form of C3O is due to the high proton affinity of the neutral species. The chemistry of O-bearing species is modelled, and predictions are compared to the derived abundances from our data for the most prominent O-bearing species in TMC-1.
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