The ethanol industry is expanding rapidly. This expansion in production of renewable energy also increases production of by-products. These byproducts, primarily distillers grains plus solubles ...(DGS), are utilized very efficiently by ruminants. When the starch in corn is fermented to produce ethanol, the remaining nutrients (protein, fat, fiber) are concentrated about 3-fold. Whereas DGS is an excellent protein source for ruminants, the large supply and the price relative to corn make DGS an attractive energy source as well. This is especially important with reduced availability and higher price of corn because of demand by the ethanol industry. A meta-analysis of 9 experiments, where various levels of wet DGS were fed to feedlot cattle, shows that wet DGS produced higher ADG and G:F compared with cattle fed corn-based diets without DGS. A similar analysis with dry DGS showed similar type of responses but with less apparent feeding value for dry DGS compared with wet DGS. Metabolism studies suggest the fat in DGS may be partially protected from ruminal degradation leading to greater proportion of unsaturated fatty acids at the duodenum and greater total tract fat digestibility. Both the fat and the undegradable protein in DGS appear to explain some but not all of the greater feeding value of DGS compared with corn. Lower quality roughages may be used in feedlot diets containing wet DGS because of the protein, moisture, and physical characteristics the DGS contains. The feeding value of DGS is greater than dry-rolled corn or high moisture corn; however, the feeding value of DGS appears to be less when fed in finishing diets based on steam-flaked corn than in those based on dry-rolled or high-moisture corn.
► Ethanol production from maize has increased price of grain and changed diets for livestock, especially ruminants. ► Byproducts from the ethanol industry have effectively replaced maize grain in ...ruminant diets. ► Reduced supply and increased price of maize grain for livestock feeding has increased use of maize silage and maize residues.
Maize production in the U.S. was about 316 million metric tons in 2010. That amount is expected to increase in the future due to greater yields/hectare and more hectares planted. From 1950 until 2006 the supply of maize grain was much greater than demand. Government programs supplemented farmers, enabling them to produce abundant amounts of maize grain at low prices. The low prices of maize grain encouraged feeding large amounts to livestock and poultry. As late as 2000, 60% of maize grain produced was fed to livestock and poultry. The development of the fuel ethanol industry has changed both the price of maize grain and the usage by livestock and poultry. In 2010 only 42.9% of U.S. maize grain was fed to livestock and poultry while 41.8% was used for fuel ethanol production, and 11.2% for food. There are two byproducts from fuel ethanol production that replace some of the maize grain, especially in cattle production—distillers grains and maize gluten feed. Both of these byproducts are very well utilized by cattle. Depending upon plant production logistics, distillers grains has 110–140% the feeding value of the maize grain replaced and maize gluten feed has 100–110% the feeding value of maize grain. Values are less for lactating dairy cows but both byproducts serve as excellent protein sources. Byproducts replace 35–45% of the maize grain used to produce fuel ethanol. Essentially all of the cattle in the U.S. are “finished” on diets containing 80–85% concentrates. In the past the concentrates were comprised primarily of maize grain but now are a mixture of maize and byproducts. In the US the forage part of the corn plant is utilized in three ways. Some is harvested as whole plant maize silage. The silage is used as both an energy source and a roughage source in feedlot diets. Maize silage is also used to “background” cattle. This term is used to describe a growing phase based on forages prior to cattle being placed on “finishing” diets. The second use of maize forage (referred to as residue) is residue harvest after grain harvest and fed as a roughage source in finishing diets or mixed with wet byproducts and fed as an energy source to “background” cattle or beef cows. The other use of the maize “residue” is through grazing after grain harvest. Beef cows or backgrounding calves are placed on the maize fields after grain harvest where they select the higher quality forage components and any residual grain left in the field after harvest. Residual grain in residue is of high quality and selected first by the cattle. The husk is palatable and highly digested while the leaf is palatable but not as digestible. Quality of the diet declines with time of grazing because the higher quality parts are selected first. Generally, about 15% of the residue is consumed leaving 85% for erosion control and soil organic matter. Under this system beef cows need little supplementation while growing calves need supplementation of both protein and energy to yield economical growth.
AIMS: Recent studies have demonstrated RAMP®, a complete starter feed, to have beneficial effects for animal performance. However, how RAMP may elicit such responses is unknown. To understand if RAMP ...adaptation results in changes in the rumen bacterial community that can potentially affect animal performance, we investigated the dynamics of rumen bacterial community composition in corn‐adapted and RAMP‐adapted cattle. METHODS AND RESULTS: During gradual acclimation of the rumen bacterial communities, we compared the bacterial community dynamics in corn and RAMP‐adapted using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Significant shifts in bacterial populations across diets were identified. The shift in corn‐adapted animals occurred between adaptation step3 and step4, whereas in RAMP‐adapted cattle, the shift occurred between step2 and step3. As the adaptation program progressed, the abundance of OTUs associated with family Prevotellaceae and S24‐7 changed in corn‐adapted animals. In RAMP‐adapted animals, OTUs belonging to family Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae changed in abundance. CONCLUSIONS: Rumen bacteria can be acclimated faster to high concentrate diets, such as RAMP, than traditional adaptation programs and the speed of bacterial community acclimation depends on substrate composition. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These findings may have implications for beef producers to reduce feedlot costs, as less time adapting animals would result in lower feed costs. However, animal feeding behavior patterns and other factors must be considered.
We examine the relationship of convection electric fields to the formation of a polar cap tongue of ionization (TOI) from midlatitude plumes of storm enhanced density (SED). Observations from the ...geomagnetic storm on 26–27 September 2011 are presented for two distinct SED events. During an hour‐long period of geomagnetic activity driven by a coronal mass ejection, a channel of high‐density F region plasma was transported from the dayside subauroral ionosphere and into the polar cap by enhanced convection electric fields extending to middle latitudes. This TOI feature was associated with enhanced HF backscatter, indicating that it was the seat of active formation of small‐scale irregularities. After the solar wind interplanetary magnetic field conditions quieted and the dayside convection electric fields retreated to higher latitudes, an SED plume was observed extending to, but not entering, the dayside cusp region. This prominent feature in the distribution of total electron content (TEC) persisted for several hours and elongated in magnetic local time with the rotation of the Earth. No ionospheric scatter from SuperDARN radars was observed within this SED region. The source mechanism (enhanced electric fields) previously drawing the plasma from midlatitudes and into the polar cap as a TOI was no longer active, resulting in a fossil feature. We thus demonstrate the controlling role exercised by the convection electric field in generating a TOI from midlatitude SED.
Key Points
Present observations of ionospheric electric field controlling SED/TOI formationAnalyze extent of small‐scale irregularity backscatter within high‐TEC featuresDiscuss characteristics of fossil SED feature which persists for several hours
Three experiments evaluated the lipids in distillers grains plus solubles compared with corn or other sources of lipid in finishing diets. Experiment 1 utilized 60 individually fed yearling heifers ...(349 ± 34 kg of BW) fed treatments consisting of 0, 20, or 40% (DM basis) wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS), or 0, 2.5, or 5.0% (DM basis) corn oil in a finishing diet based on high-moisture corn (HMC) and dry-rolled corn. Cattle fed 20 and 40% WDGS had greater (P < 0.10) G:F than cattle fed 0% WDGS. Cattle fed the 5.0% corn oil had less overall performance than cattle fed the other diets. Results from Exp. 1 indicated that adding fat from WDGS improves performance, whereas supplementing 5.0% corn oil depressed G:F, suggesting that the fat within WDGS is different than corn oil. Experiment 2 used 234 yearling steers (352 ± 16 kg of BW) fed 1 of 5 treatments consisting of 20 or 40% (DM basis) dry distillers grains plus solubles, 1.3 or 2.6% (DM basis) tallow, or HMC. All diets contained 20% (DM basis) wet corn gluten feed as a method of controlling acidosis. No differences between treatments for any performance variables were observed in Exp. 2. The dry distillers grains plus solubles may be similar to tallow and HMC in finishing diets containing 20% wet corn gluten feed. Experiment 3 used 5 Holstein steers equipped with ruminal and duodenal cannulas in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Treatments were a 40% WDGS diet, 2 composites, one consisting of corn bran and corn gluten meal; and one consisting of corn bran, corn gluten meal, and corn oil; and 2 dry-rolled corn-based diets supplemented with corn oil or not. Cattle fed the WDGS diet had numerically less rumen pH compared with cattle fed other treatments. Cattle fed WDGS had greater (P < 0.10) molar proportions of propionate, decreased (P < 0.10) acetate:propionate ratios, greater (P < 0.10) total tract fat digestion, and a greater (P < 0.10) proportion of unsaturated fatty acids reaching the duodenum than cattle fed other treatments. Therefore, the greater energy value of WDGS compared with corn may be due to more propionate production, greater fat digestibility, and more unsaturated fatty acids reaching the duodenum.
A feedlot (Exp. 1) experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of an essential oil mixture (EOM), experimental essential oil mixture (EXP), tylosin, and monensin (MON) on performance, carcass ...characteristics, and liver abscesses. A metabolism experiment (Exp. 2) was conducted to evaluate the effects of EOM, EXP, and MON on ruminal fermentation and digestibility in finishing steers. In Exp. 1, 468 yearling steers (398 ± 34 kg initial BW) were used in 50 pens (10 pens/treatment) and received their respective dietary treatments for 115 d. Five dietary treatments were compared in Exp. 1: 1) control, no additives (CON); 2) EOM, 1.0 g/steer daily; 3) EXP, 1.0 g/steer daily; 4) EOM, 1.0 g/steer daily plus tylosin, 90 mg/steer daily (EOM+T); and 5) monensin, 300 mg/steer daily plus tylosin, 90 mg/steer daily (MON+T). Compared with CON, steers fed MON+T had decreased DMI (P < 0.01), and steers fed EOM+T and MON+T had improved G:F (P less-than or equal to 0.02). Average daily gain was not different among treatments (P > 0.58). There was a trend (P = 0.09) for a treatment effect on 12th-rib fat thickness, which resulted in a significant increase in calculated yield grade for the EOM+T treatment. No other carcass characteristics were affected by treatment (P greater-than-or-equal 0.10). Prevalence of total liver abscesses was reduced for steers fed tylosin compared with no tylosin (P < 0.05). In Exp. 2, 8 ruminally fistulated steers (399 ± 49 kg initial BW) were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square designed experiment. Treatments were 1) CON, 2) EOM, 3) EXP, and 4) MON with feeding rates similar to Exp. 1. There were no differences in DMI, OM intake, and apparent total tract DM or OM digestibilities among treatments (P > 0.30). Feed intake patterns were similar among feed additive treatments (P > 0.13). Total VFA (P = 0.10) and acetate (P = 0.06) concentrations tended to be affected by treatment with EOM numerically greater than CON. Average ruminal pH ranged from 5.59 to 5.72 and did not differ among treatments. Addition of a EOM or monensin to a diet containing tylosin improves G:F, but little difference was observed in metabolism or digestibility.
Summary
Background
Novel treatments with superior benefit‐risk profiles are needed to improve the long‐term prognosis of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Etrolizumab—a monoclonal ...antibody that specifically targets β7 integrins—is currently under phase III clinical evaluation in IBD.
Aim
This review summarises the available pharmacological and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data for etrolizumab to provide a comprehensive understanding of its mechanism of action (MOA) and pharmacological effects.
Methods
Published and internal unpublished data from nonclinical and clinical studies with etrolizumab are reviewed.
Results
Etrolizumab exerts its effect via a unique dual MOA that inhibits both leucocyte trafficking to the intestinal mucosa and retention within the intestinal epithelial layer. The gut‐selectivity of etrolizumab results from its specific targeting of the β7 subunit of α4β7 and αEβ7 integrins. Etrolizumab does not bind to α4β1 integrin, which mediates lymphocyte trafficking to tissues including the central nervous system, a characteristic underlying its favourable safety with regard to progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Phase I/II studies in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) showed linear pharmacokinetics when etrolizumab was administered subcutaneously at 100 mg or higher once every 4 weeks. This dose was sufficient to enable full β7 receptor occupancy in both blood and intestinal tissues of patients with moderate to severe UC. The phase II study results also suggested that patients with elevated intestinal expression of αE integrin may have an increased likelihood of clinical remission in response to etrolizumab treatment.
Conclusion
Etrolizumab is a gut‐selective, anti‐β7 integrin monoclonal antibody that may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of IBD.
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of corn processing method and corn wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) level on steer performance and metabolism. In Exp. 1, 480 ...crossbred steer calves (314 ± 18 kg of BW) were used in a finishing experiment with a randomized complete block design and a 3 x 4 treatment structure. Diets were based on dry-rolled (DRC), high-moisture (HMC), or steam-flaked corn (SFC) with increasing levels of WDGS (0, 15, 27.5, or 40%; DM basis). A corn processing x WDGS level interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for ADG and G:F. Average daily gain and G:F increased linearly (P < 0.01) in steers fed DRC; ADG increased quadratically (P = 0.04) and G:F increased linearly (P = 0.02) in steers fed HMC; and ADG decreased quadratically (P = 0.02) with no change in G:F (P = 0.52) in steers fed SFC as WDGS increased. In Exp. 2, 7 ruminally fistulated steers (440 ± 41 kg of BW) were used in a 6-period crossover design with 3 x 2 factorial treatment structure. Diets were the same as those fed in Exp. 1, except they contained only 2 levels of WDGS (0 or 40% of diet DM). Total tract starch digestibility was greater (P < 0.01) for steers fed SFC than for steers fed DRC or HMC. Minimum ruminal pH was less (P < 0.01) for steers fed SFC than for steers fed HMC or DRC. Variance of ruminal pH was different among all 3 processing methods with DRC < HMC < SFC (P < 0.10). In situ 22-h DM digestibility of DRC and HMC and starch digestibility of DRC were greater (P < 0.10) in steers fed DRC compared with steers fed HMC or SFC. Steers fed 0% WDGS had less (P less-than or equal to 0.02) intake of DM, OM, NDF, and ether extract compared with steers fed 40% WDGS. Total tract digestibility of DM and OM was greater (P less-than or equal to 0.08) and digestibility of ether extract tended (P = 0.11) to be less for steers fed 0% WDGS compared with steers fed 40% WDGS. Maximum ruminal pH and pH variance were greater (P less-than or equal to 0.08) in steers fed 0% WDGS. A corn processing x WDGS level interaction (P = 0.09) was observed for ruminal acetate to propionate ratio (A:P). Within diets containing 0% WDGS, A:P in steers fed SFC was less (P less-than or equal to 0.08). In diets containing 40% WDGS, A:P was similar between processing methods and not different from the SFC with 0% WDGS. The corn processing x WDGS level interaction observed in the finishing experiment may be due to the decreased ruminal A:P in DRC and HMC diets with 40% WDGS.
The exploration of copy-number variation (CNV), notably of somatic cells, is an understudied aspect of genome biology. Any differences in the genetic makeup between twins derived from the same zygote ...represent an irrefutable example of somatic mosaicism. We studied 19 pairs of monozygotic twins with either concordant or discordant phenotype by using two platforms for genome-wide CNV analyses and showed that CNVs exist within pairs in both groups. These findings have an impact on our views of genotypic and phenotypic diversity in monozygotic twins and suggest that CNV analysis in phenotypically discordant monozygotic twins may provide a powerful tool for identifying disease-predisposition loci. Our results also imply that caution should be exercised when interpreting disease causality of de novo CNVs found in patients based on analysis of a single tissue in routine disease-related DNA diagnostics.
A 2-year study was conducted during the summer months (May to September) to test the effectiveness of feeding Lactobacillus acidophilus strain NP51 on the proportion of cattle shedding Escherichia ...coli O157:H7 in the feces and evaluate the effect of the treatment on finishing performance. Steers (n = 448) were assigned randomly to pens, and pens of cattle were assigned randomly to NP51 supplementation or no supplementation (control). NP51 products were mixed with water and applied as the feed was mixed daily in treatment-designated trucks at the rate of 10(9) CFU per steer. Fecal samples were collected (n = 3,360) from the rectum from each animal every 3 weeks, and E. coli O157:H7 was isolated by standard procedures, using selective enrichment, immunomagnetic separation, and PCR confirmation. The outcome variable was the recovery of E. coli O157:H7 from feces, and was modeled using logistic regression accounting for year, repeated measures of pens of cattle, and block. No significant differences were detected for gain, intakes, or feed efficiency of control or NP51-fed steers. The probability for cattle to shed E. coli O157:H7 varied significantly between 2002 and 2003 (P = 0.004). In 2002 and 2003, the probability for NP51-treated steers to shed E. coli O157:H7 over the test periods was 13 and 21%, respectively, compared with 21 and 28% among controls. Over the 2 years, NP51-treated steers were 35% less likely to shed E. coli O157:H7 than were steers in untreated pens (odds ratio = 0.58, P = 0.008). This study is consistent with previous reports that feeding NP51 is effective in reducing E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding in feedlot cattle.
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