Several plant extracts exhibit anti-virulence properties due to the interruption of bacterial quorum sensing (QS). However, studies on their effects at the preclinical level are scarce. Here, we used ...a murine model of abscess/necrosis induced by
to evaluate the anti-pathogenic efficacy of 24 plant extracts at a sub-inhibitory concentration. We analyzed their ability to inhibit QS-regulated virulence factors such as swarming, pyocyanin production, and secretion of the ExoU toxin via the type III secretion system (T3SS). Five of the seven extracts with the best anti-pathogenic activity reduced ExoU secretion, and the extracts of
and
were identified as the most active. Therefore, the abscess/necrosis model allows identification of plant extracts that have the capacity to reduce pathogenicity of
. Furthermore, we evaluated the activity of the plant extracts on
. T3SS (Δ
) and QS (Δ
) mutant strains were assessed in both the abscess/necrosis and sepsis models. Only the Δ
strain had lower pathogenicity in the animal models, although no activity of plant extracts was observed. These results demonstrate differences between the anti-virulence activity recorded in vitro and pathogenicity in vivo and between the roles of QS and T3S systems as virulence determinants.
Idiopathic achalasia is a relatively infrequent esophageal motor disorder for which major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are well-identified risk factors. However, no information about ...HLA-achalasia susceptibility in Mexicans has previously been reported. We studied a group of 91 patients diagnosed with achalasia and 234 healthy controls with Mexican admixed ancestry. HLA alleles and conserved extended haplotypes were analyzed using high-resolution HLA typing based on Sanger and next-generation sequencing technologies. Admixture estimates were determined using HLA-B and short tandem repeats. Results were analyzed by non-parametric statistical analysis and Bonferroni correction. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. Patients with achalasia had 56.7% Native American genes, 24.7% European genes, 16.5% African genes and 2.0% Asian genes, which was comparable with the estimates in the controls. Significant increases in the frequencies of alleles DRB1*14:54 and DQB1*05:03 and the extended haplotypes DRB1*14:54-DQB1*05:03 and DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, even after Bonferroni correction (pC<0.05), were found in the achalasia group compared to those in the controls. Concluding, the HLA class II alleles HLA-DRB1*14:54:01 and DQB1*05:03:01 and the extended haplotype are risk factors for achalasia in mixed-ancestry Mexican individuals. These results also suggest that the HLA-DRB1*14:54-DQB1*05:03 haplotype was introduced by admixture with European and/or Asian populations.
In skeletal muscle, adenosine triphosphate stores decrease during the first 3h of ischemia. In the present study, we performed a comprehensive hemodynamic evaluation during the postoperative period ...after cardiac surgery and measured skeletal muscle enzyme levels and markers of muscle damage and inflammation. The aim was to determine whether these values change and, if so, whether these changes coincide with the presence of low flow and poor perfusion.
We included a cohort of 280 nonconsecutive adults who were monitored in the postoperative period following cardiac surgery. We measured hemodynamic indices repeatedly in the first 24h postoperatively, and we identified differences between the levels of skeletal muscle enzymes and muscle damage markers on admission (0h) and 12 and 24h postoperatively.
A clinically and statistically significant elevation of creatine kinase (CK) level was observed at 12h postoperatively in patients with low macrocirculatory flow and anaerobic metabolism. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level was significantly elevated in these patients at 24h.
In the first 24h after cardiac surgery, a state of low macrocirculatory flow and the consequent deficit in flow at the capillary–cell interface in the presence of anaerobic metabolism was associated with clinically and statistically significant elevations of CK level at 12h and LDH level at 24h. These changes may be markers of skeletal muscle ischemia and may provide an additional tool in the monitoring and resuscitation of these critically ill patients.
En el músculo esquelético, las reservas de trifosfato de adenosina disminuyen durante las primeras 3h de isquemia. En el presente estudio, realizamos una evaluación hemodinámica integral durante el período postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca, y medimos los niveles de enzimas del músculo esquelético y los marcadores de daño muscular. El objetivo fue determinar si estos valores cambian y, en caso afirmativo, coinciden con la presencia de bajo flujo y mala perfusión.
Incluimos una cohorte de 280 adultos no consecutivos que fueron monitorizados en el postoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca. Medimos los índices hemodinámicos postoperatoriamente, e identificamos diferencias entre los niveles de enzimas del músculo esquelético y los marcadores de daño muscular al ingreso (0h) y a las 12 y 24h, postoperatoriamente.
Se observó una elevación clínica y estadísticamente significativa del nivel de creatina cinasa (CK) a las 12h del postoperatorio en los pacientes con bajo flujo macrocirculatorio y metabolismo anaeróbico. El nivel de lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH) estuvo significativamente elevado en estos pacientes a las 24h.
En las primeras 24h después de una cirugía cardíaca, un estado de bajo flujo macrocirculatorio y el consiguiente déficit de flujo en la interfaz capilar/célula en presencia de metabolismo anaeróbico se asoció con elevaciones clínica y estadísticamente significativas del nivel de CK a las 12h y de la LDH a las 24h. Estos cambios pueden ser marcadores de isquemia del músculo esquelético y pueden proporcionar una herramienta adicional en el seguimiento y en la reanimación de estos pacientes.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a global health threat, compounded by the emergence of drug-resistant strains. A hallmark of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is the formation of hypoxic necrotic ...granulomas, which upon disintegration, release infectious Mtb. Furthermore, hypoxic necrotic granulomas are associated with increased disease severity and provide a niche for drug-resistant Mtb. However, the host immune responses that promote the development of hypoxic TB granulomas are not well described. Using a necrotic Mtb mouse model, we show that loss of Mtb virulence factors, such as phenolic glycolipids, decreases the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 (also referred to as IL-17A). IL-17 production negatively regulates the development of hypoxic TB granulomas by limiting the expression of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α). In human TB patients, HIF1α mRNA expression is increased. Through genotyping and association analyses in human samples, we identified a link between the single nucleotide polymorphism rs2275913 in the IL-17 promoter (-197G/G), which is associated with decreased IL-17 production upon stimulation with Mtb cell wall. Together, our data highlight a potentially novel role for IL-17 in limiting the development of hypoxic necrotic granulomas and reducing disease severity in TB.
Resumen Antecedentes: La respuesta inmune Th1/Th2 es insuficiente para el control de la infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), particularmente contra cepas más virulentas como W-Beijing. ...Métodos: Se incluyeron 30 pacientes con tuberculosis activa (TBA) y 30 controles con tuberculosis latente (TBL). Se evaluó la distribución del polimorfismo rs2275913 por PCR tiempo real. Se estimularon células mononucleares (CMN) con antígenos CFP-10 y ESAT-6 y extractos de H37Rv, W-Beijing-HN878. Los niveles de IL-17, IFN-γ se cuantificaron por Luminex. Las diferencias se evaluaron con t de Student y U de Mann-Whitney y valores de p < 0.05 fueron significativos. Resultados: No se encontró asociación significativa del polimorfismo-197G>A con la susceptibilidad a TBA. Se observó un efecto de la mutación -197G>A en la tasa de expresión de IL-17A. Las CMN de pacientes TBA con genotipo A/G mostraron una mayor producción de IL-17A (185 pg/mL) en relación con las de pacientes G/G (100 pg/mL, p = 0.008). Esto no se observó en individuos con TBL. Los antígenos de H37Rv y HN878 estimularon mayor producción de IFN-γ en CMN de pacientes con TBA (p < 0.05). Conclusión: La presencia del alelo A en la posición -197 del promotor de IL-17A condiciona mayor producción de esta citocina en respuesta a la cepa hipervirulenta W-Beijing-HN878.
This paper describes the implementation of a strategy to develop identification of Lupinus cultivars with fatty acid methyl esters relation about alkaloids. The genus Lupinus is abundant in Mexico, ...Lupinus uncinatus is an endemic plant of Mexico, and this has not been studied in terms of chemical composition and information about length, width and weight from seeds. This work is focused on analyzing the content of fatty acids methyl esters from L. uncinatus seeds. Where it was determined percentage oil as well as the concentration of twenty two fatty acid methyl esters and their corresponding equivalence TUFA (Total Saturated Fatty Acid), MUFA (Monounsaturated Fatty Acids) and PUFA (Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid). As a result of the analysis of lupine seeds, it was observed that the behavior of sweet spices versus bitter species has an ongoing relationship, with a higher content of PUFA (bitter) to higher MUFA (sweet) and measures of seeds.
Matricaria recutita L. tiene varios usos medicinales, alimenticios y cosméticos. Su flor contiene altas cantidades de flavonoides, principalmente apigenina; su acción farmacológica y la calidad del ...extracto hidro-alcohólico varían según el contenido de este compuesto. Para optimizar el proceso de extracción de flavonoides y obtener un mayor rendimiento se usó el método de Taguchi. Los factores analizados fueron tiempo-temperatura (1-4 h a 70±0.5 °C y 12-48 h a 20 ±2 °C), proporción del disolvente metanol:agua (50:50 a 80:20) y tamaño de partícula de la flor (<0.42 y >2.00 mm). Para cuantificar flavonoides se usó el método colorimétrico cloruro de aluminio. La combinación óptima de niveles que maximiza (p<0.05) el rendimiento de flavonoides es el proceso realizado en 1 h a 70±0.5 °C, con una proporción del disolvente metanol:agua de 80:20 y un tamaño de partícula grande (>2.00 mm).
Resumen: Los capsaicinoides, entre los que destacan capsaicina, dihidrocapsaicina, nordihidrocapsaicina y homocapsaicina causan picor en el fruto de chile (Capsicum spp.). Estos componentes se usan ...en la industria alimentaria como especia, y en la farmacéutica por su variada actividad biológica. La vitamina C es un nutriente indispensable para el humano que ha sido implicada en aspectos clínicos como la prevención de cáncer y otras enfermedades. Con el fin de evaluar los niveles de estos componentes en chile manzano (Capsicum pubescens R y P), se determinó el contenido de capsaicinoides y vitamina C en diferentes grados de desarrollo de fruto en tres híbridos y sus progenitores, así como la heterosis para tales características. La concentración de capsaicinoides se redujo en todas las variedades después de 58 a 96 d de desarrollo; el híbrido Puebla×Chiapas y el progenitor Chiapas tuvieron mayor contenido (68 337 y 55 927 Scoville Heat Units, SHU) y el menor contenido lo tuvo el híbrido Puebla× Zongolica (25 923 SHU) y Puebla de fruto rojo (7125 SHU). Los híbridos superaron en picor a sus progenitores debido a la heterosis positiva para este carácter (hasta 225%). La máxima acumulación de vitamina C ocurrió al inicio de la pigmentación del fruto (76 d) y luego disminuyó; el progenitor Puebla rojo tuvo el mayor contenido (455 mg 100 g-1 de peso fresco). En vitamina C la heterosis fue negativa, por lo que la hibridación redujo su síntesis.
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