To evaluate the impact of continuing illegal drug use on teenage pregnancy outcomes.
Prospective cohort study.
Three Australian obstetric hospitals.
Four hundred and fifty-six teenage antenatal ...patients.
Teenage antenatal patients were interviewed and completed questionnaires to establish their pattern of non-prescription drug use before and during pregnancy. Illegal drug use data provided by the participants were validated in a subgroup of 180 who were interviewed six months postpartum. Antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal outcomes were collated independently. Data were analysed using SAS.
Antenatal co-morbidity, delivery and newborn outcomes.
In the cohort, 20.3% used marijuana throughout their pregnancy. However, 33.5% of these were multidrug users. The remaining 79.6% did not use illegal drugs throughout pregnancy (non-users). However, half the ‘non-users’ were ‘ex-users’ who ceased drug use immediately before or during early pregnancy. Illegal drug use was associated with an increased incidence of concurrent cigarette and alcohol use (both OR > 4.1 and
P < 0.0001) and social and psychiatric morbidity (all OR > 1.95 and
P < 0.001). Multidrug use was associated with a significant increase in the incidence of chlamydial and other endocervical infections (chlamydia: OR = 4.2, 95% CI = 1.6–10.9; endocervical infections: OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.1–5.7). After controlling for significant covariates, and in the setting of good antenatal care, the only difference in outcome was a significant linear trend towards an increased incidence of threatened preterm labour across the three groups (
P = 0.02). Of note, there were no effects on birthweight, birthweight ratio or preterm birth.
Good antenatal care may be able to ameliorate many adverse pregnancy outcomes in teenagers who use illegal drugs throughout pregnancy. The high levels of coexisting psychosocial morbidity are a concern for future mothercrafting.
The datasets currently being collected by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program on the islands of Nauru and Manus represent the longest time series of ground-based cloud measurements in ...the tropical western Pacific region. In this series of papers, a shortwave flux closure study is presented using observations collected at the Nauru site between June 1999 and May 2000. The first paper presented frequency of occurrence of nonprecipitating clouds detected by the millimeter-wavelength cloud radar (MMCR) at Nauru and statistics of their retrieved microphysical properties. This paper presents estimates of the cloud radiative effect over the study period and results from a closure study in which retrieved cloud properties are input to a radiative transfer model and the modeled surface fluxes are compared to observations. The average surface shortwave cloud radiative forcing is 48.2 W m-2, which is significantly smaller than the cloud radiative forcing estimates found during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) field project. The difference in the estimates during the two periods is due to the variability in cloud amount over Nauru during different phases of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the closure study, modeled and observed surface fluxes show large differences at short time scales, due to the temporal and spatial variability of the clouds observed at Nauru. Averaging over 60 min reduces the average root-mean-square difference in total flux to 10% of the observed flux. Modeled total downwelling fluxes are unbiased with respect to the observed fluxes while direct fluxes are underestimated and diffuse fluxes are overestimated. Examination of the differences indicates that cloud amount derived from the ground-based measurements is an overestimate of the radiatively important cloud amount due to the anisotropy of the cloud field at Nauru, interpolation of the radar data, uncertainty in the microwave brightness temperature measurements for thin clouds, and the uncertainty in relating the sixth moment of the droplet size distribution observed by the radar to the more radiatively important moments.
A cost assignment model is proposed for the expansion of electrical transmission systems, based on the cooperation and interaction principles that are the foundation of the cooperative game theory. A ...solution algorithm is proposed that considers the development of independent cooperative games for each expansion segment and whose final assignment can be obtained by any game theory solution method (Kernel, Nucleolus, Shapley Value, etc.). The Kernel method was chosen because it has both equilibrium and transparency characteristics in the computation of final assignments. The model accepts both the technical (load nature, generation levels, etc.) and economic (power station marginal costs, etc.) variables that characterize the network to be analyzed. Cost assignment will depend both on the capacity economic use and the noncoincident maximum use of the expansion lines, made by individual and group agents.
OBJECTIVE To investigate bone mineral density (BMD) in men with symptomatic osteoporosis and compare BMD in patients with idiopathic, secondary and corticosteroid associated osteoporosis. METHODS ...Age, number of vertebral fractures at presentation and BMD were investigated in men presenting to a bone metabolism clinic with idiopathic (n=105; group 1), secondary (n=67; group 2) and corticosteroid osteoporosis (n=48; group 3). BMD was measured in 176 healthy men (controls). Osteoporosis was diagnosed if there was ⩾20% vertebral deformity. RESULTS Age at peak BMD in controls was 20–29 years at spine (LS-BMD) and femoral neck (FN-BMD). LS-BMD did not change with age but FN-BMD decreased in controls and groups 1 and 2. Mean (SD) age was similar in groups 1 (62.8 (11.5) years, 2 (60.2 (11.0)) years and 3 (62.7 (10.4) years with 45%, 51% and 40% of patients respectively presenting before 60 years. Back pain, present for up to 12 months, was the commonest cause of referral. Vertebral fractures at presentation averaged mean (SD) 2.51 (1.9) in group 1, 2.76 (2.2) in group 2 and 2.48 (1.8) in group 3. LS-BMD Z scores and T scores were more negative in group 1 patients with ⩽3 vertebral fractures compared with FN-BMD suggesting a greater trabecular bone deficit. LS-BMD Z score in group 1 is −1.71, lower than in population studies. LS T score associated with fracture was about −2.4 in all groups. T8, T12 and L1 were the most frequent levels for fracture. CONCLUSIONS Men with symptomatic osteoporosis present in middle age, have low BMD with similar T scores irrespective of aetiology and sustain ⩾ 1 fracture.
The study specifically examined the STCW-78 convention in view of identifying the 2010 Manila amendments, and assessing the level of awareness of the Manila amendments by the students, cadets and ...staff of the Maritime Academy of Nigeria, Oron. Two research questions were formulated and answered, using the inferential survey design. Participants were drawn using the multi-stage sampling approach comprising stratified sampling, random sampling and proportionate sampling technique. A well validated and reliable instrument consisting of 4 demographic items and 10 multiple choice questions of three options each was administered on 240 respondents. Based on data analysis and interpretations, the mean score of 3.57, percentage ratio of 30.5% and coefficient of variation of 68.6% was achieved for cadets, showing low level of awareness as well as low quality awareness. The students had mean score of 5.83, percentage ratio of 66.7% and coefficient of variation of 55.1%, suggesting good level awareness but low quality of awareness among the group. For the staff, mean score of 4.84, percentage ratio of 50% and coefficient of variation of 58.3% were achieved, pointing to low level of awareness and low quality of awareness. The study reveals low level and low quality of awareness of the STCW-78 as amended in Manila 2010. It was recommended that, Maritime Training Institutions should be sensitised on the provisions of the STCW as amended. Also IMO should ensure that, STCW awareness is enshrined in relevant curricular of Maritime Education and Training.
Metabolism of phenanthrene by Phanerochaete chrysosporium Sutherland, J.B. (Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR); Selby, A.L; Freeman, J.P ...
Applied and Environmental Microbiology,
11/1991, Letnik:
57, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium metabolized phenanthrene when it was grown for 7 days at 37 degrees C in a medium containing malt extract, D-glucose, D-maltose, yeast extract, and ...Tween 80. After cultures were grown with 9-14Cphenanthrene, radioactive metabolites were extracted from the medium with ethyl acetate, separated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and detected by liquid scintillation counting. Metabolites from cultures grown with unlabeled phenanthrene were identified as phenanthrene trans-9,10-dihydrodiol, phenanthrene trans-3,4-dihydrodiol, 9-phenanthrol, 3-phenanthrol, 4-phenanthrol, and the novel conjugate 9-phenanthryl beta-D-glucopyranoside. Identification of the compounds was based on their UV absorption, mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Since lignin peroxidase was not detected in the culture medium, these results suggest the involvement of monooxygenase and epoxide hydrolase activity in the initial oxidation and hydration of phenanthrene by P. chrysosporium
We quantified the percentage of PIT‐tagged subyearling fall Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that were consumed by Caspian terns Hydroprogne caspia and double‐crested cormorants Phalacrocorax ...auritus nesting on East Sand Island in the Columbia River estuary by electronically recovering PIT tags that were deposited on the bird colonies. We released 23 groups of PIT‐tagged subyearling fall Chinook Salmon from hatcheries in the lower Columbia River downstream of Bonneville Dam from 2002 to 2010. Vulnerability to avian predation was compared between PIT‐tagged subyearlings of two Columbia River basin stocks: tule and upriver bright (URB). Recoveries of PIT tags revealed that overall predation rates were significantly different between the tule stock (22%) and URB stock (3%); for fish that were detected as entering the lower Columbia River during the same week, predation rates also differed between stocks (tule: 21%; URB: 2%). Minimum predation rates on tule subyearlings originating from hatcheries downstream of Bonneville Dam were among the highest documented for any salmonid species in the Columbia River basin to date, occasionally exceeding 35% of the available fish. The ratio of URB fish consumed by the two avian predators indicated that the percentages were nearly equal (cormorant %: tern % = 51:49), whereas the ratio for tule‐stock fish consumed by the two avian species was not uniform (cormorant: tern = 81:19). Differences in predation rates between the tule stock and the URB stock may be attributable to migration behaviors exhibited in the estuary. We estimate that more than 8 million tule fall Chinook Salmon subyearlings released from hatcheries annually are consumed by double‐crested cormorants and Caspian terns nesting on East Sand Island; ongoing management actions by multiple federal, state, and tribal governments, if successful, will decrease predation on fall Chinook Salmon stocks.
Using a unique facility-level dataset from Michigan, we examine the effect of environmental auditing on manufacturing facilities’ long-term compliance with U.S. hazardous waste regulations. We also ...investigate the factors that affect facilities’ decisions to conduct environmental audits and whether auditing in turn affects the probability of regulatory inspections. We account for the potential endogeneity of our audit measure and the censoring of our compliance measure using a censored trivariate probit, which we estimate using simulated maximum likelihood. We find that larger facilities and those subject to more stringent regulations are more likely to audit; facilities with poor compliance records are less likely to audit. However, we find no significant long-run impact of auditing on the probability of a regulatory inspection or compliance among these Michigan manufacturing facilities.
Trait-selective mortality is of considerable management and conservation interest, especially when trends are similar across multiple species of conservation concern. In the Columbia River basin, ...thousands of juvenile Pacific salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. are collected each year and are tagged at juvenile bypass system (JBS) facilities located at hydroelectric dams, thus allowing the tracking of population-level performance metrics (e.g., juvenile survival and juvenile-to-adult survival). Several studies have suggested that juvenile salmonid survival is both size dependent and condition dependent, but little is known about trait-selective collection at JBS facilities. Trait-selective collection (e.g., length-based or condition-based selectivity) is particularly important, as inferences to population-level performance metrics may be biased if both the survival and collection processes are influenced by similar characteristics. We used a capture–mark–recapture study to investigate length- and condition-selective survival and detection probabilities for two salmonid species in the Columbia River basin. In 2014, juvenile steelhead O. mykiss (n = 11,201) and yearling Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha (n = 7,943) were PIT-tagged, measured (FL), examined for external condition characteristics (descaling, body injuries, fin damage, or disease symptoms), and released into the Lower Granite Dam JBS facility on the Snake River to continue seaward migration. Results indicated similar trends in both length- and condition-selective juvenile survival and detection probabilities. For both species, survival probability was higher for longer, nondegraded individuals (those without descaling, body injuries, or fin damage). Trends in detection probability were also consistent across species: shorter, degraded individuals were more likely to be detected at downstream JBS facilities than longer, healthier individuals. These results suggest that similar characteristics (FL and external condition) affect survival and detection processes for PIT-tagged steelhead and yearling Chinook Salmon and that JBS facilities may selectively collect smaller, degraded individuals with lower probabilities of survival. The consistency in trait-selective survival and detection results has important management implications for several species of conservation concern. Received February 3, 2015; accepted July 20, 2015
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