Este artículo presenta elementos para el debate sobre las formas de privatización en Brasil y Chile, y las consecuencias para la democratización de la educación pública. El período histórico definido ...para el estudio corresponde al final de los estadios dictatoriales y la construcción de la llamada justicia de transición, lo que presupone, la formulación de políticas de verdad, justicia y reparación, y reforma de las instituciones políticas. La metodología utilizada para el desarrollo del estudio fue el análisis bibliográfico. Considerando las especificidades de cada realidad estatal analizada, se buscó constatar los avances, límites y posibilidades en el fortalecimiento del papel del Estado en la promoción de la educación pública, considerando el nivel de maduración democrático y el fortalecimiento de las estrategias de privatización.
Subretinal cell transplantation is a challenging surgical maneuver. This paper describes the preliminary findings of a new tissue injector for subretinal implantation of an ultrathin non-absorbable ...substrate seeded with human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (hESC-RPE).
Ultrathin Parylene-C substrates measuring 3.5 mm × 6.0 mm seeded with hESC-RPE (implant referred to as CPCB-RPE1) were implanted into the subretinal space of 12 Yucatan minipigs. Animals were euthanized immediately after the procedure and underwent spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and histological analysis to assess the subretinal placement of the implant. Evaluation of the hESC-RPE cells seeded on the substrate was carried out before and after implantation using standard cell counting techniques.
The tissue injector delivered the CPCB-RPE1 implant through a 1.5 mm sclerotomy and a 1.0-1.5 mm retinectomy. SD-OCT scans and histological examination revealed that substrates were precisely placed in the subretinal space, and that the hESC-RPE cell monolayer continued to cover the surface of the substrate after the surgical procedure.
This innovative tissue injector was able to efficiently deliver the implant in the subretinal space of Yucatan minipigs, preventing significant hESC-RPE cell loss, minimizing tissue trauma, surgical complications and postoperative inflammation.
Gingival recessions are characterized by partial denudation of the root surface due to apical displacement of the gingival margin from the amelocemental junction and may be localized or generalized. ...The aim of this study was evaluate the prevalence of gingival recession and dentine hypersensitivity of dental students of Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil. Were examined 80 students with on average age of 22.9, randomly selected to assess the prevalence, level of gingival recession and the presence of dentinal hypersensitivity. Fifty students had at least one gingival recession and dentine hypersensitivity was observed in 28 students. Buccal surface was the most prevalent (86.6 %), with measures mostly between 1 and 2 mm (92 %) and classified as Class I Miller (96.25 %). The pre-molars were the group most frequently affected teeth (37.35 %). Gingival recession with small measures is a very common condition in young patients.
This paper examines different forms of privatization in the case of Brazil and Chile and the implications for the democratization of public education. The historical period defined for the study ...corresponds to the dictatorial regimes of both countries and the so-called “transitional phase”, which presupposes policies for justice, reparation and reform of political institutions. The methodology used for the study was a bibliographic review. Considering the specificities of each country, it analyses the advances, limits and possibilities in the strengthening of the role of the state in the promotion of public education, and the degree of democratic maturity and the extension of privatization.
Este artigo apresenta alguns elementos para o debate sobre as formas de implementação dos processos de privatização no Brasil e no Chile e as consequências para a democratização da educação pública. O período histórico definido para o estudo corresponde ao final dos estágios ditatoriais e à construção da chamada justiça de transição, o que pressupõe a formulação de políticas de memória e verdade, justiça, reparação e a reforma das instituições políticas. A metodologia utilizada para o desenvolvimento do estudo foi a análise bibliográfica. Considerando as especificidades de cada realidade estatal ora analisada, buscou-se constatar os avanços, limites e possibilidades no fortalecimento do papel do estado na promoção da educação pública, considerando o nível de amadurecimento democrático e o fortalecimento das estratégias privatizantes.
Este artículo presenta elementos para el debate sobre las formas de privatización en Brasil y Chile, y las consecuencias para la democratización de la educación pública. El período histórico definido para el estudio corresponde al final de los estadios dictatoriales y la construcción de la llamada justicia de transición, lo que presupone, la formulación de políticas de verdad, justicia y reparación, y reforma de las instituciones políticas. La metodología utilizada para el desarrollo del estudio fue el análisis bibliográfico. Considerando las especificidades de cada realidad estatal analizada, se buscó constatar los avances, límites y posibilidades en el fortalecimiento del papel del Estado en la promoción de la educación pública, considerando el nivel de maduración democrático y el fortalecimiento de las estrategias de privatización.
El análisis del patrón de asentamiento en sociedades no jerárquicas tiene un gran potencial para abordar su variabilidad, en la medida que sus niveles de integración tienen una expresión física en ...los espacios corresidenciales y en la distancia entre ellos. A partir de una prospección intensiva en la microrregión de Angostura, Chile central, se compara la organización espacial de los asentamientos habitacionales de los periodos alfareros del área. Se trabajó con el tamaño y densidad de los 19 sitios detectados en el área, así como su distribución espacial. Se los delimitó por medio de redes de pozos de sondeo, a partir de cuya densidad se estimó la extensión y estructura de los sitios. La asignación cronocultural se realizó a partir de la clasificación del material alfarero y por 150 fechados por termoluminiscencia. La comparación indica que los periodos Alfarero temprano e Intermedio tardío presentan tanto similitudes como diferencias. En ambos momentos el patrón de asentamiento es disperso y la principal diferencia radica en la estructura interna de los sitios. Los asentamientos del Intermedio tardío tienen una menor cantidad de concentraciones y la densidad tiende a ser mayor, lo que sugiere que la composición de las unidades residenciales es distinta, estando compuestas por un mayor número de personas en el momento más tardío. The study of settlement patterns has great potential to make meaningful contributions to the analysis of variability in nonhierarchical societies, as different levels of social integration are physically expressed in the distance between co-residential units. Using data from an intensive survey in the Angostura micro-region, central Chile, we compare the spatial organization of the domestic settlements of the different ceramic periods, including the size and density of 19 sites detected in the area and their spatial distribution. This is based on their delimitation by test-pits. We spatially modeled the extent and shape of the sites following a spatial interpolation methodology of the density values obtained in each test-pit. The chronology was based on the classification of pottery and further supported by 150 thermoluminescence dates. The comparison reveals similarities and differences in spatial organization during both periods. At both times the settlement pattern is dispersed, with a wide variability in the site sizes. The main difference lies in the internal structure of these sites; the Late Intermediate sites have fewer areas where trash accumulated and a higher site density, which suggests that there was a greater number of people occupying the residential sites during the later period.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the CDC and the WHO have recommended face masks as key to reducing viral transmission. Yet, in the USA, as the first wave erupted in the Summer of 2020, one-fifth of ...individuals said they wore masks at most “some of the time”, and a majority said that people in their community wore masks at most “some of the time”. What strategies most effectively encourage compliance with this critical COVID-19 prevention measure? Relying on social identity theory, we experimentally assess two possible mechanisms of compliance, elite endorsement, and social norms, among a representative sample of white US-born Evangelicals, a group that has shown resistance to prevention measures. We find evidence for both mechanisms, but social norms play a remarkably important role – increasing support for mask-wearing by 6% with spillover effects on other prevention guidelines. Our findings confirm the role that appeals to norms and elite endorsements play in shaping individual behavior and offer lessons for public health messaging.
Las políticas de aseguramiento de la calidad se han expandido en la escena educativa en diversos lugares del mundo. A nivel de sistema escolar, existe creciente investigación sobre su diseño, ...funcionamiento y resultados. No obstante, hay escasa atención sobre estas políticas a nivel de educación inicial. Este artículo busca caracterizar la situación de los sistemas de aseguramiento de la calidad en este nivel en diferentes países. Para ello, se reportan los resultados de un estudio comparativo que examinó ocho países y regiones: Australia, Brasil, Colombia, Chile, estados unidos (Colorado), Inglaterra, Italia (Reggio Emilia) y suecia. Ei estudio identifica dos modelos que responden a distintas tradiciones en la política educativa y contextos sociohistóricos: "rendición de cuentas basado en estándares" y "rendición de cuentas profesional-comunitario". El artículo concluye con lecciones para las políticas públicas a partir de ambos modelos. Palabras clave: educación inicial, aseguramiento de la calidad, rendición de cuentas, estudio comparativo. Quality assurance policies have expanded in the educational scenario in diverse parts of the world. At the school system level, there is a growing body of literature related to the design, implementation and effects of these reforms. However, there is little attention to these policies at the level of early years education. This article aims to analyze systems of quality assurance at this educational level in different countries. For this purpose, the results of a comparative research are presented that included the study of eight countries/regions: Australia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, united states (Colorado), England, Italy (Reggio Emilia) and sweden. the research identifies two models that respond to different socio-historical contexts and traditions in educational policy; named "performance accountability" and "professional-communitarian accountability". The paper concludes with lessons from both models. Keywords: early childhood education, quality assurance, accountability, comparative study.
Purpose No satisfactory techniques are available to replace the anatomy and function of the penile glans after radical surgery for penile carcinoma. We report a new technique of glans reconstruction ...using distal urethra. We evaluated anatomical, physiological and esthetic features as well as short-term and long-term clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods A total of 14 patients with a mean age of 54 who had squamous penile carcinoma underwent glans reconstruction after simple glansectomy in 8 and after amputation of the distal third of the shaft in 6. Glans sensibility, erectile function, ejaculation, orgasm, penile length, local recurrence, patient and partner satisfaction, and quality of life were evaluated before and after the operation. Mean followup was 13 months. Results All patients noticed subjective and objective thermal and tactile epicritic sensibility in the area of the neoglans. Ten of 14 patients (71%) noticed spontaneous and/or induced rigid erections. Interestingly International Index of Erectile Function scores in the ejaculation and orgasm domains did not significantly change in the period before and after surgery. No local disease recurrence or penile retraction were reported at long-term followup. Conclusions Reconstructive glanuloplasty with distal urethra in penile tumor surgery is an innovative, easy and rapid surgical technique with appreciable functional and esthetical results.
Dysfunction and death of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and or photoreceptors can lead to irreversible vision loss. The eye represents an ideal microenvironment for stem cell-based therapy. It is ...considered an “immune privileged” site, and the number of cells needed for therapy is relatively low for the area of focused vision (macula). Further, surgical placement of stem cell-derived grafts (RPE, retinal progenitors, and photoreceptor precursors) into the vitreous cavity or subretinal space has been well established. For preclinical tests, assessments of stem cell-derived graft survival and functionality are conducted in animal models by various noninvasive approaches and imaging modalities. In vivo experiments conducted in animal models based on replacing photoreceptors and/or RPE cells have shown survival and functionality of the transplanted cells, rescue of the host retina, and improvement of visual function. Based on the positive results obtained from these animal experiments, human clinical trials are being initiated. Despite such progress in stem cell research, ethical, regulatory, safety, and technical difficulties still remain a challenge for the transformation of this technique into a standard clinical approach. In this review, the current status of preclinical safety and efficacy studies for retinal cell replacement therapies conducted in animal models will be discussed.
Parasitism by the endophagous braconid
Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) has a negative impact on the reproductive activity of its host,
Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera, Aphididae). The host ...castration is induced by the parasitoid venom and is reproduced by the injection of chromatographic fractions highly enriched with two proteins, of 18 (p18) and 36
kDa (p36) in size, respectively. Here we demonstrate that these bioactive proteins trigger apoptosis of the cells in the germaria and ovariole sheath of the host aphid. Both p18 and p36 were internally sequenced and the gathered information was matched against the deduced amino acid sequence of the putative proteins encoded by cDNA clones, randomly selected from a cDNA library, which was raised using mRNA extracted from
A. ervi venom glands. The identified cDNA clones contained an insert corresponding to the RNA product of an interrupted gene, made of six exons and five introns, which was found to be transcribed at higher levels in adult females of
A. ervi than in males. This gene codes for a putative protein composed of 541 amino acids, with a calculated molecular mass of 56.9
kDa, which contained the amino acid sequences experimentally determined for both p18 and p36. This putative protein showed a significant level of sequence identity with
γ-glutamyl transpeptidases (
γ-GT), and it was named
Ae-
γ-GT. The
γ-GTs are enzymes which play a key role in the metabolism of glutathione (GSH) and, as observed in most organisms, they are membrane-bound heterodimers formed by a large and a small subunit, which originate by post-translational processing of a single-chain precursor. The expression in insect cells of
Ae-
γ-GT confirmed the occurrence of the expected post-translational processing, and demonstrated that, unlike other
γ-GTs, this protein is secreted in the extracellular environment. A measurable
γ-GT activity was detected in the venom of
A. ervi and in the chromatographic fractions containing
Ae-
γ-GT. Thus, we suggest that this venom protein may induce apoptosis in the host ovarioles by generating an alteration of the GSH metabolism and a consequent oxidative stress.
PDF
