Diffusion of Being Pivotal and Immoral Outcomes FALK, A.; NEUBER, T.; SZECH, N.
Review of economic studies/The review of economic studies,
10/2020, Letnik:
87, Številka:
5 (316)
Journal Article
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We study how the diffusion of being pivotal affects immoral outcomes. In our main experiment, subjects decide about agreeing to kill mice and receiving money versus objecting to the killing and ...foregoing the monetary amount. In a baseline condition, subjects decide individually about the life of one mouse. In the main treatment, subjects are organized into groups of eight and decide simultaneously. Eight mice are killed if at least one subject opts for killing. The fraction of subjects agreeing to kill is significantly higher in the main condition compared with the baseline condition. In a second experiment, we run the same baseline and main conditions but use a charity context and additionally study sequential decision-making. We replicate our finding from the mouse paradigm. We further show that the observed effects increase with experience, i.e., when we repeat the experiment for a second time. For both experiments, we elicit beliefs about being pivotal, which we validate in a treatment with non-involved observers. We show that beliefs are a main driver of our results.
Patient participation in healthcare is important for optimizing treatment outcomes and for ensuring satisfaction with care. Therefore, this study aims to identify barriers to patient participation in ...the critical care unit, as identified by critical care nurses.
Qualitative data were collected in four focus group interviews with 17 nurses from two separate hospitals. The interviews were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.
The results show three main categories: nurse’s attitude toward caring, the organization of the critical care unit and the patient’s health condition.
Barriers for patient participation in the ICU were found and this lead to a power imbalance between patient and nurse. In contrast to other care settings, this imbalance could be a consequence of the critical care organization and its degree of highly specialized care. The clinical application of our results is that these barriers should be considered when implementing patient participation in such a highly technological care situation as a critical care unit.
Predicting wildfire under future conditions is complicated by complex interrelated drivers operating across large spatial scales. Annual area burned (AAB) is a useful index of global wildfire ...activity. Current and antecedent seasonal climatic conditions, and the timing of snowpack melt, have been suggested as important drivers of AAB. As climate warms, seasonal climate and snowpack co-vary in intricate ways, influencing fire at continental and sub-continental scales. We used independent records of seasonal climate and snow cover duration (last date of permanent snowpack, LDPS) and cell-based Structural Equation Models (SEM) to separate direct (climatic) and indirect (snow cover) effects on relative changes in AAB under future climatic scenarios across western and boreal North America. To isolate seasonal climate variables with the greatest effect on AAB, we ran multiple regression models of log-transformed AAB on seasonal climate variables and LDPS. We used the results of multiple regressions to project future AAB using GCM ensemble climate variables and LDPS, and validated model predictions with recent AAB trends. Direct influences of spring and winter temperatures on AAB are larger and more widespread than the indirect effect mediated by changes in LDPS in most areas. Despite significant warming trends and reductions in snow cover duration, projected responses of AAB to early-mid 21st century are heterogeneous across the continent. Changes in AAB range from strongly increasing (one order of magnitude increases in AAB) to moderately decreasing (more than halving of baseline AAB). Annual wildfire area burned in coming decades is likely to be highly geographically heterogeneous, reflecting interacting regional and seasonal climate drivers of fire occurrence and spread.
Recent research in economics emphasizes the role of in utero conditions for the health endowment at birth and in early childhood and for social as well as economic outcomes in later life. This paper ...analyzes the relation between maternal mental health during pregnancy and birth outcomes of the child. In particular, we analyze the relationship between maternal mental health during pregnancy and the probability of giving birth preterm (PT), having a newborn at low birth weight (LBW) or being small for gestational age (SGA). Based on large population-representative data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and cohort data from the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), we present extensive descriptive evidence on the relationship between maternal mental health and preterm birth by carrying out OLS estimates controlling for a wide range of socioeconomic characteristics. In addition, we apply matching estimators and mother fixed effects models, which bring us closer toward a causal interpretation of estimates. In summary, the results uniformly provide evidence that poor maternal mental health is a risk factor for preterm birth and low birth weight in offspring. In contrast, we find no evidence for an relationship between maternal mental health and small for gestational age at birth.
Recent theories endogenize the attitude endowments of individuals, assuming that they are shaped by the attitudes of parents and other role models. This paper tests empirically for the relevance of ...three aspects of the attitude transmission process highlighted in this theoretical literature: (1) transmission of attitudes from parents to children; (2) an impact of prevailing attitudes in the local environment on child attitudes; and (3) positive assortative mating of parents, which enhances the ability of a parent to pass on his or her attitudes to the child. We focus on two fundamentally important attitudes, willingness to take risks and willingness to trust others. We find empirical support for all three aspects, providing an empirical underpinning for the literature. An investigation of underlying mechanisms shows that socialization is important in the transmission process. Various parental characteristics and aspects of family structure are found to strengthen the socialization process, with implications for modeling the socialization production function and for policies focused on affecting children's non-cognitive skills. The paper also provides evidence that the transmission of risk and trust attitudes affects a wide variety of child outcomes, implying a potentially large total effect on children's economic situation.
•Continuing professional development occurs of the RNs’ own volition.•RNs’ self-assessed competencies were good before and very good after education.•Most improved competencies were, working ...independently and using evidence-based knowledge.•By evaluating RNs’ competencies before postgraduate education, the curriculum can be developed on clinical needs.
Changing prerequisites in healthcare leads to the increased complexity of nursing. Since there are no regulations on re-validation of competencies for emergency nurses in Sweden there is sparse knowledge on how nurses develop competencies after registration as nurses (RN). Aim: To describe self-reported professional competence after postgraduate education among RNs in emergency care settings. Method: A cross-sectional design and STROBE guidelines were used. The short version of the Nurse Professional Competence Scale was used for data collection and the data were collected before and after postgraduate education, descriptive and comparative statistic was used for analysis. Results: 62 (71%) students participated in the first data collection and an independent group of 31 (48%) students participated in the second data collection. The results showed generally good competencies before entering education and significantly improved competencies after education were found in areas of working independently and reviewing literature for evidence-based nursing Conclusion: The competencies were assessed as very good after education. Evaluating nurses' competencies supports educators in developing education to ensure the need for knowledge in emergency care. To ensure required competencies among emergency care nurses there is a need to regulate additional training and re-validation of emergency nurses’ competencies.
We demonstrate that the spin of optically addressable point defects can be coherently driven with ac electric fields. Based on magnetic-dipole forbidden spin transitions, this scheme enables ...spatially confined spin control, the imaging of GHz-frequency electric fields, and the characterization of defect spin multiplicity. We control defect ensembles in SiC, but our methods apply to spin systems in many semiconductors, including the diamond nitrogen-vacancy center. Electrically driven spin resonance offers a viable route towards scalable quantum control of electron spins in a dense array.
In the face of rapid environmental and cultural change, orthodox concepts in restoration ecology such as historical fidelity are being challenged. Here we re-examine the diverse roles played by ...historical knowledge in restoration, and argue that these roles remain vitally important. As such, historical knowledge will be critical in shaping restoration ecology in the future. Perhaps the most crucial role in shifting from the present version of restoration ecology ("v1.0") to a newer formulation ("v2.0") is the value of historical knowledge in guiding scientific interpretation, recognizing key ecological legacies, and influencing the choices available to practitioners of ecosystem intervention under conditions of open-ended and rapid change.
What is known and objective
While many drug poisonings are successfully treated with specific antidotes, intoxications with tricyclic antidepressants and/or atypical neuroleptics still represent a ...major challenge. Besides conventional approaches, a new hemoadsorption device might represent an opportunity for therapeutic detoxification.
Case summary
We report a 64‐year‐old female patient who attempted suicide by ingesting an unknown dose of quetiapine. Following application of all available standard diagnostic and therapeutic measures, she was admitted to the intensive care in a deeply somnolent state. Gastroscopy was performed necessitating analgo‐sedation, intubation, and mechanical ventilation. Since quetiapine is in principle not dialysable, CytoSorb hemoadsorption was commenced resulting in a clear and rapid decrease in plasma levels of quetiapine and its metabolite norquetiapine over the next few hours. The next day, analgesia was stopped, the patient became alert, and cooperative so that she could be extubated without issues. CytoSorb blood purification therapy was discontinued after 2 days. One day later, the patient was transferred to a psychiatric clinic.
What is new and conclusion
We were able to quickly and efficiently reduce quetiapine and norquetiapine to non‐toxic serum levels and to stabilize a critical situation using CytoSorb. Therefore, in the absence of a proven beneficial treatment regimen, the use of CytoSorb might represent an alternative for life‐threatening complications of quetiapine intoxication. In particular, intoxications caused by lipophilic agents should be further evaluated.
Plasma quetiapine and norquetiapine levels during the course of Continuous Veno Venous Hemodialysis (CVVHD) + 2 hemoadsorption treatments over 40 h. Note that the pre‐adsorber inlet levels (black triangles) simultaneously represent systemic levels and therefore the overall decrease in plasma levels.
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