Land space is the carrier of human production, living activities, and ecological civilization construction. How to promote the orderly, moderate, and sustainable development and utilization of land ...space is a scientific problem to be solved. As a key element in China’s spatial planning, the quantitative analysis of spatial pattern and functional zoning has become a focus of China’s current development. Based on the analysis of land space symbiosis development, this study takes Henan province as the case study; appropriate indicators were selected from the perspective of “production-living-ecological” functions (PLEFs) index that was developed including three subsystems of the production function, living function, and ecological function. The entropy weight method and geographic information system (GIS) spatial method were used to analyze the PLEF status and spatial pattern in Henan province. The PLEF score showed a certain geographical pattern, where in the southwestern areas of Henan province have higher PLEFs than that in the northeastern areas. The PLEFs have an obvious positive correlation in the spatial distribution by spatial correlation analysis. In addition, this study designs a three-dimensional magic cube evaluation model to analyze the symbiotic function type of land space. The results indicated that the PLEFs of Henan province were classified into 13 symbiotic function types of areas, which can better reflect the spatial differentiation characteristics. Moreover, we proposed paths to promote the development and management of each type function area.
Fresh-cut romaine lettuce (FRL) is susceptible to tissue browning and quality deterioration, and thus has short shelf-life. The effect of continuous high intensity light (HIL, 2500lx), low intensity ...light (LIL, 500lx), and darkness on FRL browning and quality was studied upon 7d cold storage. Changes in browning index (BI), browning-related enzyme activity, quinone, total phenol (TP), ascorbic acid (AA) content, antioxidant capacity (AC), and fresh weight loss were investigated. HIL significantly decreased BI and inhibited polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activities, and quinone accumulation. While HIL preserved more TP and AA content and resulted in higher AC value compared to darkness. Conversely, LIL induced PPO and POD activities as well as quinone generation, resulting in higher BI compared with darkness. Meanwhile, LIL induced low both TP content and AC value that contributed to low quality property. Both HIL and LIL notably increased PAL activity and fresh weight loss that progressively increased over time compared to darkness. Conclusively, HIL exposure effectively protected FRL from browning and quality decay by inhibiting browning-related enzyme activity and maintaining nutritional constituents during refrigeration.
Romaine lettuce is consumers’ favorite leafy vegetable for its crispness, good aroma, tender appearance as well as high phytochemicals like phenolic compounds. However, by nature, romaine lettuce is very perishable and susceptible to quality decay and enzymatic browning. In current retail marketing, fresh-cut produce is unavoidably exposed to light conditions during its displayed shelf-life for consumers’ choice. This study investigated the effect of continuous high intensity light, low intensity light exposure and darkness on tissue browning and quality property of fresh-cut romaine lettuce. Result indicated that the high intensity light exposure was effective in inhibiting tissue browning and maintaining quality of fresh-cut romaine lettuce upon cold storage. The findings are innovative and very helpful for fresh-cut lettuce producers, distributors, and sellers to decrease the occurrence of undesirable color and nutrition changes by modifying light illumination during storage.
► Effect of light on browning and quality of fresh-cut romaine lettuce (FRL) was studied. ► A 2500Lux dose of light alleviated FRL browning and quality decay. ► A 500Lux dose of light accelerated FRL browning and quality loss.
Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is the skin malignancy with the highest mortality rate, and its morbidity rate is on the rise worldwide. Smoking is an independent marker of poor prognosis in melanoma. ...The α5-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α5-nAChR), one of the receptors for nicotine, is involved in the proliferation, migration and invasion of SKCM cells. Nicotine has been reported to promote the expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), which is the key gene involved in melanoma progression. Here, we explored the link between α5-nAChR and ADAM10 in nicotine-associated cutaneous melanoma. α5-nAChR expression was correlated with ADAM10 expression and lower survival in SKCM. α5-nAChR mediated nicotine-induced ADAM10 expression via STAT3. The α5-nAChR/ADAM10 signaling axis was involved in the stemness and migration of SKCM cells. Furthermore, α5-nAChR expression was associated with ADAM10 expression, EMT marker expression and stemness marker expression in nicotine-related mice homograft tissues. These results suggest the role of the α5-nAChR/ADAM10 signaling pathway in nicotine-induced melanoma progression.
Display omitted
•The pattern of three functional spaces and three space conflicts are described.•An index for analyzing the intensity of space conflicts is constructed.•The moderate boundary theory ...is proposed based on the principle of value equilibrium.•Conflicts within moderate boundary are reserved as urban construction space.•Conflicts outside moderate boundary are reserved as production or ecological space.
The multi-functionality and the finiteness of land resources collectively determine the inevitable space conflicts among urban construction space (SUC), grain production space (SGP), and ecological protection space (SEP) in planning. Moreover, the increasing urban expansion is expected to further exacerbate these conflicts. However, there is a lack of research on solving space conflicts in planning under the multi-objective. Given this, taking Xuzhou City as an example, using planning data, we analyzed the patterns of space conflicts. Then we proposed a novel method to extract the urban moderate boundary (UMB) based on the principle of value equilibrium. Finally, using UMB as the space boundary to solve the conflicts. The results show that we detected three types of space conflicts, namely construction-production conflicts (CPC), construction-ecological conflicts (CEC), and production-ecological conflicts (PEC), with an area of 17.31 km2, 14.13 km2, and 3.24 km2 of each conflicting area respectively. The land value corresponding to the UMB is 941.90 yuan / km2. The CPC and CEC within the UMB should be reserved as SUC, those outer parts of the boundary should be reserved as SGP and SEP. The PEC should be reserved as SEP according to the principle of ecological priority. After conflict resolution, the new layout of urban functional space was obtained, showing an area of 240.18 km2, 42.56 km2, and 55.35 km2 for SUC, SGP, and SEP, respectively. The new perspective and method proposed in this paper can provide a reference for urban planning and urban functional space layout optimization.
α
5 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (
α
5-nAChR) is associated with the progression of smoking-related lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), but the molecular mechanism is unclear. Programmed death ligand 1 ...(PD-L1) is encoded by the CD274 gene, which not only inhibits the immune system, but also plays a unique role in tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we gained important insights into the underlying mechanism between
α
5-nAChR and PD-L1 in LUAD progression.
α
5-nAChR was overexpressed in various histological subtypes, cancer stages and metastasis statuses of LUAD. The group that coexpressed
α
5‐nAChR and PD-L1 had a worse prognosis than the other subgroups at different stages of LUAD lymph node metastasis. The expression of
α
5‐nAChR and PD-L1 was associated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker CDH2. In vitro,
α
5-nAChR mediated nicotine-induced PD-L1 expression via STAT3 and the expression of EMT markers. Downregulation of
α
5-nAChR and/or PD-L1 inhibited EMT marker expression, cell proliferation, migration and invasion compared to silencing
α
5-nAChR or PD-L1 alone in LUAD cells. Furthermore,
α
5-nAChR expression was associated with PD-L1 and EMT marker expression in mouse xenograft models. These results highlight that
α
5-nAChR mediates STAT3/PD-L1 signaling, which contributes to cell migration and invasion. Therefore, our study may reveal a new interaction between
α
5-nAChR and PD-L1 that is involved in tumor cell growth and progression in LUAD, which may be a promising target for NSCLC diagnosis and immunotherapy.
As a key issue in China’s sustainable development, land space development (LSD) creates increasing pressure on the environment. Thus, a better understanding of the relationship between LSD and the ...eco-environment is necessary for Chinese policymakers to realize sustainable high-quality development. LSD and the eco-environment are closely related and mutually dependent, and the coupling coordination pattern between LSD and the eco-environment has great significance to promoting high-quality development and ecological civilization construction in the region. This study highlights the equilibrium between LSD and ecological protection and introduces symbiosis theory to measure the degree of coordinated and symbiotic development in the Henan province, using data from 2000–2018. The coupling coordination degree model was used to evaluate the coupling coordination relationship of spatial–temporal patterns and development type characteristics. The evaluated results show that there are regional gradient differences in the level of LSD and the eco-environment, and the coupling coordination degree of LSD and the eco-environment in the Henan province are in the bare coordination stage and on the verge of imbalance at present. In addition, the spatial correlation pattern between LSD and the eco-environment was discussed. It is proposed that there is a positive correlation between the coupling coordination degree of LSD and the eco-environment. Moreover, this study suggested implementing a scientific and high-quality development path of land space, reasonably coordinating the social, economic, and eco-environment of the Henan province, then promoting regional sustainable development.
The Apextrin C-terminal (ApeC) domain is a new protein domain largely specific to aquatic invertebrates. In amphioxus, a short-form ApeC-containing protein (ACP) family is capable of binding ...peptidoglycan (PGN) and agglutinating bacteria
via
its ApeC domain. However, the functions of ApeC in other phyla remain unknown. Here we examined 130 ACPs from gastropods and bivalves, the first and second biggest mollusk classes. They were classified into nine groups based on their phylogenetics and architectures, including three groups of short-form ACPs, one group of apextrins and two groups of ACPs of complex architectures. No groups have orthologs in other phyla and only four groups have members in both gastropods and bivalves, suggesting that mollusk ACPs are highly diversified. We selected one bivalve ACP (CgACP1; from the oyster
Crossostrea gigas
) and one gastropod ACP (BgACP1; from the snail
Biomphalaria glabrata
) for functional experiments. Both are highly-expressed, secreted short-form ACPs and hence comparable to the amphioxus ACPs previously reported. We found that recombinant CgACP1 and BgACP1 bound with yeasts and several bacteria with different affinities. They also agglutinated these microbes, but showed no inhibiting or killing effects. Further analyses show that both ACPs had high affinities to the Lys-type PGN from S.
aureus
but weak or no affinities to the DAP-type PGN from Bacillus
subtilis
. Both recombinant ACPs displayed weak or no affinities to other microbial cell wall components, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), zymosan A, chitin, chitosan and cellulose, as well as to several PGN moieties, including muramyl dipeptide (MDP), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc). Besides, CgACP1 had the highest expression in the gill and could be greatly up-regulated quickly after bacterial challenge. This is reminiscent of the amphioxus ACP1/2 which serve as essential mucus lectins in the gill. Taken together, the current findings from mollusk and amphioxus ACPs suggest several basic common traits for the ApeC domains, including the high affinity to Lys-type PGN, the bacterial binding and agglutinating capacity, and the role as mucus proteins to protect the mucosal surface.
The contact angle plays an important role in matric suction of unsaturated soils, but few studies consider the effect of contact angle hysteresis on matric suction. In this paper, taking sandy soil ...as an example, the influence of contact angle hysteresis on the suction of unsaturated soil matric is studied by soil particle model calculation and experimental method. The results show under the same water content condition, the smaller the contact angle is, the larger the matric suction is and the phenomenon of water repellency appears. Under the low water content of unsaturated soil, when the contact angle is less than 90°, it will also produce water repulsion phenomenon, which is different from the hydrophilic characteristics of the contact angle is less than 90° in the capillary law. When the water content is the same, with the increase of contact angle, matric suction will decrease. With the increase of water content, matric suction is not affected by soil contact angle. In the process of dehumidification, the apparent contact angle of the sandy soil with the same water content less than receding contact Angle; there is a difference in matric suction between continuous measurement method and discontinuous measurement method, and continuous measurement' matric suction greater than discontinuous measurement' matric suction. This study provides some theoretical basis and reference for the study of matric suction of unsaturated soil.
In food processing, the temperature is usually reduced to limit bacterial reproduction and maintain food safety. However,
can adapt to low temperatures by controlling gene expression and protein ...activity, although its survival strategies normally vary between different strains. The present study investigated the molecular mechanisms of
with different survival strategies in response to low temperatures (4 °C). The survival curve showed that strain BA-26 was inactivated by 6.0 logCFU/mL after 4 weeks of low-temperature treatment, while strain BB-11 only decreased by 1.8 logCFU/mL. Intracellular nucleic acid leakage, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses revealed better cell membrane integrity of strain BB-11 than that of strain BA-26 after low-temperature treatment. Regarding oxidative stress, the superoxide dismutase activity and the reduced glutathione content in BB-11 were higher than those in BA-26; thus, BB-11 contained less malondialdehyde than BA-26. RNA-seq showed a significantly upregulated expression of the fatty acid biosynthesis in membrane gene (
) in BB-11 compared with BA-26 because of the damaged cell membrane. Then, catalase (
), reduced glutathione (
), and peroxidase (
) were found to be significantly upregulated in BB-11, leading to an increase in the oxidative stress response, but BA-26-related genes were downregulated. NADH dehydrogenase (
) and α-glucosidase (
) were upregulated in the cold-tolerant strain BB-11 but were downregulated in the cold-sensitive strain BA-26, suggesting that energy metabolism might play a role in
under low-temperature stress. Furthermore, defense mechanisms, such as those involving
,
and
played a pivotal role in the response of BB-11 to stress. The study provided a new perspective for understanding the survival mechanism of
at low temperatures.
PDF
