Il saggio presenta i risultati di un'indagine esplorativa su un campione di brevetti farmaceutici dello
. Il brevetto viene analizzato come un processo di costruzione sociale dell'innovazione. Dopo ...aver classificato il campione in base al giudizio di una giuria di esperti, gli autori prendono in considerazione una serie di variabili che possono influenzare la capacitŕ "di rottura" dei brevetti in termini di una discontinuitŕ scientifico-tecnologica: il profilo formativo e professionale degli inventori; le caratteristiche generali dell'organizzazione in cui il brevetto è maturato; le risorse esterne alle imprese ma interne al territorio su cui l'organizzazione ha fatto affidamento; le dinamiche del gruppo di ricerca autore del brevetto. La comparazione tra i brevetti "di rottura" e quelli di contenuto innovativo più ordinario permette di individuare le dimensioni rilevanti nello spiegare la distribuzione del contenuto innovativo all'interno del campione.
ABSTRACT IN ITALIAN: Il saggio presenta i risultati di un'indagine esplorativa su un campione di brevetti farmaceutici dello European Patent Office. Il brevetto viene analizzato come un processo di ...costruzione sociale dell'innovazione. Dopo aver classificato il campione in base al giudizio di una giuria di esperti, gli autori prendono in considerazione una serie di variabili che possono influenzare la capacità "di rottura" dei brevetti in termini di una discontinuità scientifico-tecnologica: il profilo formativo e professionale degli inventori; le caratteristiche generali dell'organizzazione in cui il brevetto è maturato: le risorse esterne alle imprese ma interne al territorio su cui l'organizzazione ha fatto affidamento; le dinamiche del gruppo di ricerca autore del brevetto. La comparazione tra i brevetti "di rottura" e quelli di contenuto innovativo più ordinario permette di individuare le dimensioni rilevanti nello spiegare la distribuzione del contenuto innovativo all'interno del campione. // ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The paper introduces the results of an exploratory research on a sample of European pharmaceutical patents. A patent is considered the output of a socio-economic process oriented to innovation. After ranking the sample according to the patents' respective innovative degree as judged by a panel of experts, the authors consider the main variables capable of influencing the scientific and technological content of the patent (at the individual, organizational, relational and geographical level). The comparison between the `breakthrough' patents and the less innovative ones allows the authors to highlight the relevant dimensions in the explanation of the innovative content of the patents' sample. Reprinted by permission of Franco Angeli
The paper introduces the results of an exploratory research on a sample of European pharmaceutical patents. A patent is considered the output of a socio-economic process oriented to innovation. After ...ranking the sample according to the patents' respective innovative degree as judged by a panel of experts, the authors consider the main variables capable of influencing the scientific and technological content of the patent (at the individual, organizational, relational and geographical level). The comparison between the "breakthrough" patents and the less innovative ones allows the authors to highlight the relevant dimensions in the explanation of the innovative content of the patents' sample. Adapted from the source document.
For a long time, modern societies have been determined by a social integration system: the subjectivity of personal versus the objectivity of social positions. According to this model, the ...integration of actors and system was the keystone of society. For a few decades, this image has been fanding in favour of the notion of social cohesion. Beyond its polvsemous nature, this notion implies change of paradigm: «society» no longer dominates actors, it is the result of their activities. Hence, sociological theories shift from system to actors. Norms of justice trasform themselves in favour of equity and recognition, and society itself is considered as being the result of local arrangements, thanks to social capital and competences. Even though this global paradigm cannot be reduced to a neo-liberal ideology, it nevertheless poses a few problems to sociological theory that this article tries to examine.
Nel corso degli ultimi decenni, il rapporto delle donne con le istituzioni accademiche italiane è cambiato: tale trasformazione si rivela molto interessante sociologicamente poiché l’accademia è una ...delle istituzioni nelle quali è possibile evidenziare le maggiori disuguaglianze di carriera, come dimostrato da importanti studi. In questo senso, è importante focalizzare l’attenzione su come le donne abbiano messo in atto processi di ridefinizione dell'identità sociale e individuale sulla base della socializzazione alla professione, grazie alla quale esse interiorizzano norme e valori del gruppo di riferimento, in cui il potere decisionale è ancora di pertinenza esclusiva, o quasi, del mondo maschile. Insistendo su norme e valori assimilati attraverso la socializzazione, si è posta particolare attenzione alle pratiche e alle strategie che le donne intraprendono con la finalità di individuare una "via di accesso" al processo di mutamento degli «automatismi» delle comunità accademiche.
Il paper indaga il ruolo della maternità nelle carriere lavorative delle donne toscane occupate nel periodo 2003-2014. L’analisi empirica si basa sull’utilizzo di una banca dati originale ...rappresentata dall’universo delle dichiarazioni dei redditi presentate dai contribuenti toscani. Al fine di analizzare l’effetto della nascita di un figlio in termini di permanenza nel mercato del lavoro è svolta una analisi di durata, anche detta di sopravvivenza. La seconda parte della nostra analisi si concentra sull’evoluzione della carriera lavorativa delle donne in termini di reddito, attraverso la stima di un modello di regressione sul reddito annuo individuale. I principali risultati mostrano come diventare madri renda più difficile la permanenza nel mercato del lavoro e costituisca un forte ostacolo alla crescita della carriera professionale.
The aim of this paper is to discuss the dualism between centre & periphery, which has characterized the debate on development & modernization of the backward regions. The author underlines the ...analytical need to complicate the opposition between centre & periphery, because of the increasing differentiation of the socio-economic reality. She examines the case of Southern Italy, as the Italian periphery, which the mainstream considers an undifferentiated underdevelopment macro-region. Given a series of obstacles related to both economic markets & national policies, the local production systems can reaction in many different ways, affected by social, cultural & political local contexts. The author proposes an interpretation of these differences in the southern Italian regions & introduces the concepts of social cohesion & political cohesion, whose implications for local economic development she tries to deepen. References. Adapted from the source document.
The aim of this paper is to discuss the dualism between centre and periphery, which has characterized the debate on development and modernisation of the backward regions. The author underlines the ...analytical need to complicate the opposition between centre and periphery, because of the increasing differentiation of the socio-economic reality. She examines the case of Southern Italy, as the Italian periphery, which the mainstream considers an undifferentiated underdevelopment macro-region. Given a series of obstacles related to both economic markets and national policies, the local production systems can reaction in many different ways, affected by social, cultural and political local contexts. The author proposes an interpretation of these differences in the southern Italian regions and introduces the concepts of social cohesion and political cohesion, whose implications for local economic development she tries to deepen. Reprinted by permission of Franco Angeli
In the recent period several studies have pointed to the growing economic differentiation in southern Italy. They call particular attention to several areas of local dynamism which are emerging. ...However, the role of social & political factors is not clear. Some authors try to revise the classical concept of clientelism, in order to propose different clientelistic "styles" & to identify among these, which are cases of supported economic development. Nevertheless, this perspective doesn't clarify how these particularistic mechanisms work. This article tries to expound the relation between political variables & economic development through a comparative study of four local systems in southern Italy (Avellino, Salerno, Termoli & San Severo). Even though the author herself argues that the role of local politics is crucial to explain the South's internal economic differentiation, she adopts a different point of view from that mentioned above. According to the concept of "selective modernization" advanced by Richard Bendix, local politics may have a positive role if it is "modern" politics, that is it provides local collective goods & it's relatively universalistic. The main hypothesis of the research is that two factors of dynamic local systems may have affected a process of modernization: social & political cohesion. The article tries to deepen these conceptual categories & their implications for local economic development. 10 Tables, 4 Figures, 34 References. Adapted from the source document.
In the recent period several studies have pointed to the growing economic differentiation in southern Italy. They call particular attention to several areas of local dynamism which are emerging. ...However, the role of social and political factors is not clear. Some authors try to revise the classical concept of clientelism, in order to propose different clientelistic «styles» and to identify among these, which are cases of supported economic development. Nevertheless, this perspective doesn't clarify how these particularistic mechanisms work. This article tries to expound the relation between political variables and economic development through a comparative study of four local systems in southern Italy (Avellino, Salerno, Termoli and San Severo). Even though the author herself argues that the role of local politics is crucial to explain the South's internal economic differentiation, she adopts a different point of view from that mentioned above. According to the concept of «selective modernisation» advanced by Richard Bendix, local politics may have a positive role if it is «modern» politics, that is it provides local collective goods and it's relatively universalistic. The main hypothesis of the research is that two factors of dynamic local systems may have affected a process of modernisation: social and political cohesion. The article tries to deepen these conceptual categories and their implications for local economic development.
