Resident tissue macrophages (RTM) can fulfill various tasks during development, homeostasis, inflammation and repair. In the lung, non-alveolar RTM, called interstitial macrophages (IM), importantly ...contribute to tissue homeostasis but remain little characterized. Here we show, using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), two phenotypically distinct subpopulations of long-lived monocyte-derived IM, i.e. CD206
and CD206
IM, as well as a discrete population of extravasating CD64
CD16.2
monocytes. CD206
IM are peribronchial self-maintaining RTM that constitutively produce high levels of chemokines and immunosuppressive cytokines. Conversely, CD206
IM preferentially populate the alveolar interstitium and exhibit features of antigen-presenting cells. In addition, our data support that CD64
CD16.2
monocytes arise from intravascular Ly-6C
patrolling monocytes that enter the tissue at steady-state to become putative precursors of CD206
IM. This study expands our knowledge about the complexity of lung IM and reveals an ontogenic pathway for one IM subset, an important step for elaborating future macrophage-targeted therapies.
This study aimed to identify differences in management and cost–benefit characteristics of striped catfish (
Pangasianodon hypophthalmus
) nursery and grow-out farms in freshwater and brackish water ...areas in the Mekong River Delta (MRD) of Vietnam. One hundred ten striped catfish farms in both areas (50 nursery and 60 grow-out farms) were stratified and sampled for an interview to determine their management and cost–benefit characteristics. The results indicated that the survival rate and yield of fish nursed in brackishwater farms were higher than those in freshwater farms. Fingerling yields and production costs are positively and negatively correlated (
p
< 0.05) to the period-of-salinity effect, respectively. The net incomes of freshwater and brackishwater nursery farms do not differ significantly (
p
> 0.05). The fish yield of brackishwater grow-out farms was significantly lower than that of freshwater farms (
p
< 0.05). Management and cost–benefit parameters of grow-out farms in freshwater and brackishwater areas, if stocking fingerlings reared in the same areas, were not significantly different (
p
> 0.05). Water salinity strongly affected disease occurrence in the ponds, especially in nursery farms. In the MRD, to improve the climate-resilient farming of striped catfish, a salinity-tolerant strain is essential for nursery and grow-out farming in areas affected by salinity intrusion.
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the aetiological agent of a mortal and highly contagious disease in common and koi carp. The skin is the major portal of entry of CyHV-3 in carp after immersion in ...water containing the virus. In the present study, we used in vivo bioluminescence imaging to investigate the effect of skin mucus removal and skin epidermis lesion on CyHV-3 entry. Physical treatments inducing removal of the mucus up to complete erosion of the epidermis were applied on a defined area of carp skin just before inoculation by immersion in infectious water. CyHV-3 entry in carp was drastically enhanced on the area of the skin where the mucus was removed with or without associated epidermal lesion. To investigate whether skin mucus inhibits CyHV-3 binding to epidermal cells, tail fins with an intact mucus layer or without mucus were inoculated ex vivo. While electron microscopy examination revealed numerous viral particles bound on the fins inoculated after mucus removal, no particle could be detected after infection of mucus-covered fins. Finally, anti-CyHV-3 neutralising activity of mucus extract was tested in vitro. Incubation of CyHV-3 with mucus extract reduced its infectivity in a dose dependent manner. The present study demonstrates that skin mucus removal and epidermal lesions enhance CyHV-3 entry in carp. It highlights the role of fish skin mucus as an innate immune protection against viral epidermal entry.
Two-dimensional speckle tracking (2DST) technique has been validated in numerous animal species, but neither studies of repeatability nor measurements after exercise or in animals with cardiac ...disease have been reported in goats. Goats are an attractive candidate for animal models in human cardiology because they are easy to handle and have a body and heart size comparable to that of humans. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate this technique in goats for further clinical and experimental applications in this species.
This study was divided into several steps. First, a standardized echocardiographic protocol was performed and 5 cineloops of a right parasternal short-axis view at papillary muscles level were recorded three times at one-day intervals in ten healthy adult unsedated Saanen goats to test repeatability and variability of 2DST measurements. Then, the same measurements were performed immediately before and after a standardized exercise on treadmill in seven of the goats, and at 24 h after induction of an experimental ischemic cardiomyopathy in five of the goats, to test the reliability of the technique to assess physiological and pathological changes. Average and regional measurements of radial and circumferential strain and strain rate, radial displacement, rotation and rotation rate were obtained. Comparisons were performed using two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Caprine 2DST average measurements have demonstrated a good repeatability with a low to moderate variability for all measurements except for the diastolic peaks of the circumferential strain rate, radial strain rate and rotation rate. Segmental 2DST measurements were less repeatable than average measurements. Time effect of two-way ANOVA was significant for anteroseptal segment diastolic peaks measurements, rotation and rotation rate measurements. Overall variability of segmental measurements was moderate or high. Segmental and average peak values obtained after exercise and after myocardial ischemia were significantly different than curves obtained at baseline.
The results of this study are consistent with those previously described in other animal species and humans. 2DST echocardiography is a valid technique to evaluate physiological and pathological changes in myocardial function in goats, despite the technical limitations observed in this species.
•Glass eels entering freshwater are mainly free of specific pathogens.•15-day pre-release quarantine period does not affect negatively glass eels.•Such quarantine should improve feasibility, efficacy ...and biosafety of eel restocking.•Pre-release quarantine is compatible with prophylactic and therapeutic treatments.
The anthropogenic spread of pathogens contributes to the decline of some species. However, restocking programs implemented to counteract the decline of such populations can also contribute to the spread of pathogens, in particular for endangered species that cannot be bred in captivity, where populations used in restocking must be sourced from the wild with no control over sanitary status. A prime example of this is the endangered species European eel (Anguilla anguilla). As part of eel restocking programs, glass eels are captured in estuaries for later release further inland. In cases where release occurs immediately after capture, pre-release quarantine is important for mitigation of sanitary risks. In this study, we explored the impact of different quarantine conditions on glass eel sanitary status, morphology, behaviour and quarantine/post-quarantine survival in order to evaluate the feasibility and optimization of quarantine stages. Replicate experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018, using glass eels of different geographical origin. The results suggest that glass eels entering estuaries are free of pathogens and so that their capture at this early stage reduces the risk of the anthropogenic introduction of pathogens through restocking programs. They support the use of a 15-day pre-release quarantine period to allow easier management of release processes and the implementation of prophylactic and therapeutic measures as part of these useful conservation programs.
The objective of this work was the evaluation of the meat production and laying performances, and the meat and egg quality of two breeds of Vietnamese broiler chickens, Ho and Dong Tao, fed on a ...commercial diet. In a survey, we continuously recorded for 28 weeks, the data on the production performance and meat quality of 250 chicks from each breed. We investigated egg laying and egg quality using 36 Ho and 32 Dong Tao hens during 52 weeks of laying. The growth patterns were similar for the two breeds. Feed conversion ratios were also similar, and demonstrated the low efficiency of these two breeds when compared to commercial broilers. Slaughter age proved to affect several carcass yield characteristics, showing that slaughtering between 16 and 20 weeks might be better than at the usual age of 28 weeks. Yield, carcass composition and meat quality differed between the two studied breeds. The eggs production and number of embryonated eggs were low for the two breeds when compared to other breeds, with a lower hatching performance in Ho than in Dong Tao. In summary, the production performances of Ho and Dong Tao chickens were low, even when birds were fed a commercial diet. The study demonstrates the need to find ways to improve the production and reproduction performances of these animals, in order to contribute to the program of conservation and exploitation of these two breeds.
Respiratory viral infections represent the most common cause of allergic asthma exacerbations. Amplification of the type-2 immune response is strongly implicated in asthma exacerbation, but how virus ...infection boosts type-2 responses is poorly understood. We report a significant correlation between the release of host double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) following rhinovirus infection and the exacerbation of type-2 allergic inflammation in humans. In a mouse model of allergic airway hypersensitivity, we show that rhinovirus infection triggers dsDNA release associated with the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), known as NETosis. We further demonstrate that inhibiting NETosis by blocking neutrophil elastase or by degrading NETs with DNase protects mice from type-2 immunopathology. Furthermore, the injection of mouse genomic DNA alone is sufficient to recapitulate many features of rhinovirus-induced type-2 immune responses and asthma pathology. Thus, NETosis and its associated extracellular dsDNA contribute to the pathogenesis and may represent potential therapeutic targets of rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations.
The aim of this study was to test the low sensitivity of the Allberg and Miles index to the stifle opening angle, evaluate the displacement of the patella after a Modified Maquet Technique using this ...index and assess the incidence of patellar luxation post-Modified Maquet Technique in dogs.
Medical records were reviewed from 2012 to 2017. Allberg Miles index were determined for each stifle pre- and postoperatively, as well as the stifle joint opening of each case. Occurrence of patellar luxation was recorded.
137 stifles on 116 dogs were reviewed. The stifle opening angle did not influence the Allberg Miles index. Pre- and postoperative index showed a distal displacement of the patella after a Modified Maquet Procedure, especially at 135° of stifle opening angle. Only 1/137 cases demonstrated patellar luxation after the surgery.
Based on our statistical analysis, we were able to conclude that within the maximum stifle opening angle range recorded in our series of cases; the Allberg Miles index variation was not significant. While patellar baja is clearly induced by the Modified Maquet Technique, the latter did not seem to predispose patients to post-operative patellar luxation in our study population.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the bacterial flora of the normal conjunctiva of Huacaya alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and to determine the effect of age and gender on this flora. ANIMALS STUDIED: Fifty Huacaya ...alpacas. PROCEDURES: After a complete ophthalmic examination, conjunctival swabs were obtained from both eyes and cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Logistic and Poisson regression analyses were used to evaluate the effect of age and gender on bacterial isolation. RESULTS: Four animals were excluded because of signs of external ocular disease. Of the remaining 46 alpacas, bacteria were recovered from 96.7% (89/92) of the eyes. A total of 190 bacterial isolates were cultured with a mean of 2.1 bacterial isolates per eye. The majority of isolates (70%) were Gram‐positive. Staphylococcus xylosus (44/190: 23.2%) predominated, followed by viridans streptococci (32/190: 16.8%) and Pantoea agglomerans (24/190: 12.6%). Other frequently isolated bacteria included Rothia mucilaginosa (12/190: 6.3%), Staphylococcus equorum (12/190: 6.3%), Bacillus species (9/190: 4.7%), Moraxella ovis (9/190: 4.7%), and Moraxella catarrhalis (6/190: 3.2%). Statistical analysis showed that alpacas harboring viridans streptococci and Moraxella species were significantly younger. Gender did not significantly affect type of bacterial isolation. There appeared to be no significant effect of age or gender on number of bacteria isolated. CONCLUSIONS: Gram‐positive aerobes were most commonly cultured, with S. xylosus and viridans streptococci predominating. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing the presence of Moraxella species in the healthy conjunctival sac of alpacas. Alpacas harboring viridans streptococci and Moraxella species were significantly younger.
Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive interstitial lung disease mainly affecting West Highland white terriers. Thoracic high‐resolution computed tomographic (T‐HRCT) findings for ...Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis acquired under general anesthesia have been described previously. However, the use of general anesthesia may be contraindicated for some affected dogs. Sedation may allow improved speed and safety, but it is unknown whether sedation would yield similar results in identification and grading of Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lesions. The aim of this prospective, observational, method‐comparison, case‐control study was to compare findings from T‐HRCT images acquired under sedation versus general anesthesia for West Highland white terriers affected with Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n = 11) and age‐matched controls (n = 9), using the glossary of terms of the Fleischner Society and a scoring system. Ground‐glass opacity was identified in all affected West Highland white terriers for both sedation and general anesthesia acquisitions, although the Ground‐glass opacity extent varied significantly between the two acquisitions (P < 0.001). Ground‐glass opacity was the sole lesion observed in control dogs (n = 6), but was less extensive compared with affected West Highland white terriers. Identification and grading of a mosaic attenuation pattern differed significantly between acquisitions (P < 0.001). Identification of lesions such as consolidations, nodules, parenchymal and subpleural bands, bronchial wall thickening, and bronchiectasis did not differ between acquisitions. The present study demonstrated that T‐HRCT obtained under sedation may provide different information than T‐HRCT obtained under general anesthesia for identification and grading of some Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lesions, but not all of them. These differences should be taken into consideration when general anesthesia is contraindicated and sedation is necessary for evaluating West Highland white terriers with Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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