A major new interpretation of Vergil's epic poem as a
struggle between two incompatible versions of the Homeric
hero This compelling book offers an entirely new way of
understanding the Aeneid . Many ...scholars regard Vergil's
poem as an attempt to combine Homer's Iliad and
Odyssey into a single epic. Joseph Farrell challenges this
view, revealing how the Aeneid stages an epic contest to
determine which kind of story it will tell-and what kind of hero
Aeneas will be. Farrell shows how this contest is provoked by the
transgressive goddess Juno, who challenges Vergil for the soul of
his hero and poem. Her goal is to transform the poem into an Iliad
of continuous Trojan persecution instead of an Odyssey of
successful homecoming. Farrell discusses how ancient critics
considered the flexible Odysseus the model of a good leader but
censured the hero of the Iliad , the intransigent Achilles,
as a bad one. He describes how the battle over which kind of leader
Aeneas will prove to be continues throughout the poem, and explores
how this struggle reflects in very different ways on the ethical
legitimacy of Rome's emperor, Caesar Augustus. By reframing the
Aeneid in this way, Farrell demonstrates how the purpose
of the poem is to confront the reader with an urgent decision
between incompatible possibilities and provoke uncertainty about
whether the poem is a celebration of Augustus or a melancholy
reflection on the discontents of a troubled age.
Juno's Aeneid Farrell, Joseph
2021, 2021-01-01, Letnik:
36
eBook
A major new interpretation of Vergil's epic poem as a struggle between two incompatible versions of the Homeric hero This compelling book offers an entirely new way of understanding the Aeneid. Many ...scholars regard Vergil's poem as an attempt to combine Homer's Iliad and Odyssey into a single epic. Joseph Farrell challenges this view, revealing how the Aeneid stages an epic contest to determine which kind of story it will tell—and what kind of hero Aeneas will be.Farrell shows how this contest is provoked by the transgressive goddess Juno, who challenges Vergil for the soul of his hero and poem. Her goal is to transform the poem into an Iliad of continuous Trojan persecution instead of an Odyssey of successful homecoming. Farrell discusses how ancient critics considered the flexible Odysseus the model of a good leader but censured the hero of the Iliad, the intransigent Achilles, as a bad one. He describes how the battle over which kind of leader Aeneas will prove to be continues throughout the poem, and explores how this struggle reflects in very different ways on the ethical legitimacy of Rome's emperor, Caesar Augustus.By reframing the Aeneid in this way, Farrell demonstrates how the purpose of the poem is to confront the reader with an urgent decision between incompatible possibilities and provoke uncertainty about whether the poem is a celebration of Augustus or a melancholy reflection on the discontents of a troubled age.
How Strong Are Weak Patents? Farrell, Joseph; Shapiro, Carl
The American economic review,
09/2008, Letnik:
98, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We study the welfare economics of probabilistic patents that are licensed without a full determination of validity. We examine the social value of instead determining patent validity before licensing ...to downstream technology users, in terms of deadweight loss (ex post) and innovation incentives (ex ante). We relate the value of such pre-licensing review to the patent's strength, i.e., the probability it would hold up in court, and to the per-unit royalty at which it would be licensed. We then apply these results using a game-theoretic model of licensing to downstream oligopolists, in which we show that determining patent validity prior to licensing is socially beneficial.
High Harmonic Generation from Multiple Orbitals in N2 MCFARLAND, Brian K; FARRELL, Joseph P; BUCKSBAUM, Philip H ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
11/2008, Letnik:
322, Številka:
5905
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Molecular electronic states energetically below the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) should contribute to laser-driven high harmonic generation (HHG), but this behavior has not been observed ...previously. Our measurements of the HHG spectrum of N2 molecules aligned perpendicular to the laser polarization showed a maximum at the rotational half-revival. This feature indicates the influence of electrons occupying the orbital just below the N2 HOMO, referred to as the HOMO-1. Such observations of lower-lying orbitals are essential to understanding subfemtosecond/subangstrom electronic motion in laser-excited molecules.
Abstract The Julio-Claudian period, beginning with the reign of Tiberius, is one of the more neglected, and even actively disparaged periods in ancient literary history. It tends to be defined ...exclusively in terms of Latin literature, and not of Greek, and to be considered less as a period than simply as an unstructured stretch of time between the Augustan and Neronian periods. The metaphors most often applied to it run from the relatively generous “fallow period” to the more pejorative “wasteland.” This common perception is badly in need of reconsideration. In this article, I will discuss some of the misconceptions that on which low opinions of the period have been based. I will also show that the efforts of Tiberius in particular, when properly understood, take on a much more favorable appearance. In particular, I will consider his sponsorship of major institutional and administrative projects to support literary activities, his promotion of literary scholarship, his role in continuing the management and development of the Greek literary canon, and his even-handed treatment of Latin and Greek writers and orators. When these factors are properly evaluated, a different picture of Imperial literature will emerge; and the Julio-Claudian period begins to look foundational, rather than as a kind of literary dead zone.
Resumo O período da dinastia júlio-claudiana, iniciado com o governo de Tibério, é um dos mais negligenciados e depreciados dos períodos relacionados à História da Literatura Antiga Clássica. Ele tende a ser caracterizado somente por uma literatura latina, e não por uma literatura grega. Dessa forma, não é valorizado como um período histórico estruturado entre o governo de Augusto e o de Nero. É visto como um período pobre em termos de produção literária. É necessário que esse tipo de posição seja revisado. Neste artigo, discutirei o quanto esta visão é equivocada, mostrando vários feitos de Tibério em prol da literatura greco-romana. Considerarei, em particular, seu patrocínio a grandes projetos institucionais e administrativos para apoiar atividades literárias, sua promoção de incentivos literários, seu papel na continuação da administração e desenvolvimento do cânone literário grego e seu tratamento imparcial a escritores e oradores latinos e gregos. Quando esses fatores são avaliados adequadamente, um quadro diferente da literatura imperial emerge; e o período júlio-claudiano começa a se tornar fundamental, e não tratado como um arco temporal não produtivo.
Death, the ultimate change, is an unexpected Leitmotiv of Ovid’s career and reception. The eighteen contributions collected in this volume explore the theme of death and transfiguration in Ovid’s own ...career and his posthumous reception, revealing a unity in diversity that has not been appreciated in these terms before now.
Epigenetic modifications, including changes in DNA methylation, lead to altered gene expression and thus may underlie epileptogenesis via induction of permanent changes in neuronal excitability. ...Therapies that could inhibit or reverse these changes may be highly effective in halting disease progression. Here we identify an epigenetic function of the brain's endogenous anticonvulsant adenosine, showing that this compound induces hypomethylation of DNA via biochemical interference with the transmethylation pathway. We show that inhibition of DNA methylation inhibited epileptogenesis in multiple seizure models. Using a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy, we identified an increase in hippocampal DNA methylation, which correlates with increased DNA methyltransferase activity, disruption of adenosine homeostasis, and spontaneous recurrent seizures. Finally, we used bioengineered silk implants to deliver a defined dose of adenosine over 10 days to the brains of epileptic rats. This transient therapeutic intervention reversed the DNA hypermethylation seen in the epileptic brain, inhibited sprouting of mossy fibers in the hippocampus, and prevented the progression of epilepsy for at least 3 months. These data demonstrate that pathological changes in DNA methylation homeostasis may underlie epileptogenesis and reversal of these epigenetic changes with adenosine augmentation therapy may halt disease progression.
Consensus standardization often involves bargaining without side payments or substantive compromise, creating a war of attrition that selects through delay. We investigate the trade-off between ...screening and delay when this process selects for socially valuable but privately observed quality. Immediate random choice may outperform the war of attrition, or vice versa. Allowing an uninformed neutral player to break deadlocks can improve on both mechanisms. Policies that reduce players' vested interest, and hence delays, can strengthen the ex ante incentive to improve proposals.
High harmonic spectra show that laser-induced strong field ionization of water has a significant contribution from an inner-valence orbital. Our experiment uses the ratio of H(2)O and D(2)O high ...harmonic yields to isolate the characteristic nuclear motion of the molecular ionic states. The nuclear motion initiated via ionization of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is small and is expected to lead to similar harmonic yields for the two isotopes. In contrast, ionization of the second least bound orbital (HOMO-1) exhibits itself via a strong bending motion which creates a significant isotope effect. We elaborate on this interpretation by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation to simulate strong field ionization and high harmonic generation from the water isotopes. We expect that this isotope marking scheme for probing excited ionic states in strong field processes can be generalized to other molecules.
The addition of nanoclay within polymer matrix is anticipate to enhance the properties of the polymer system. Nonetheless, one of the key elements in property enhancements of a polymer nanocomposites ...is the surface modifications of the nanoclay. This is due to the affinity between polymer matrix and nanoclay is of important factors should be considered. In this study, amorphous polyamide were melt blended with different nanoclay grades with different surface modifications in order to evaluate the best clay grade for the polymer system. The thermal analysis carried out on the amorphous polyamide nanocomposites were carried out by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) whereas the mechanical properties were investigated using tensile testing. It was observed that there were changes in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the nanocomposites due to clay additions. Further, the storage modulus was found to increase as a result of nanoclay incorporation. The type of clay grades significantly affects the mechanical properties of the amorphous polyamide nanocomposites.
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