We identify the electron diffusion region (EDR) of a guide field dayside reconnection site encountered by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission and estimate the terms in generalized Ohm's law ...that controlled energy conversion near the X‐point. MMS crossed the moderate‐shear (∼130°) magnetopause southward of the exact X‐point. MMS likely entered the magnetopause far from the X‐point, outside the EDR, as the size of the reconnection layer was less than but comparable to the magnetosheath proton gyroradius, and also as anisotropic gyrotropic “outflow” crescent electron distributions were observed. MMS then approached the X‐point, where all four spacecraft simultaneously observed signatures of the EDR, for example, an intense out‐of‐plane electron current, moderate electron agyrotropy, intense electron anisotropy, nonideal electric fields, and nonideal energy conversion. We find that the electric field associated with the nonideal energy conversion is (a) well described by the sum of the electron inertial and pressure divergence terms in generalized Ohms law though (b) the pressure divergence term dominates the inertial term by roughly a factor of 5:1, (c) both the gyrotropic and agyrotropic pressure forces contribute to energy conversion at the X‐point, and (d) both out‐of‐the‐reconnection‐plane gradients (∂/∂M) and in‐plane (∂/∂L,N) in the pressure tensor contribute to energy conversion near the X‐point. This indicates that this EDR had some electron‐scale structure in the out‐of‐plane direction during the time when (and at the location where) the reconnection site was observed.
Key Points
We analyze MMS data measured during a slow crossing of the density‐asymmetric magnetopause
Ion and electron dynamics are consistent with a normal crossing of an inner diffusion region
J→·E→′ appeared to result from in and out‐of‐plane gradients of gyrotropic and agyrotropic electron pressure tensor
A family cognitive-behavioral preventive intervention for parents with a history of depression and their 9-15-year-old children was compared with a self-study written information condition in a ...randomized clinical trial (
n
= 111 families). Outcomes were assessed at postintervention (2 months), after completion of 4 monthly booster sessions (6 months), and at 12-month follow-up. Children were assessed by child reports on depressive symptoms, internalizing problems, and externalizing problems; by parent reports on internalizing and externalizing problems; and by child and parent reports on a standardized diagnostic interview. Parent depressive symptoms and parent episodes of major depression also were assessed. Evidence emerged for significant differences favoring the family group intervention on both child and parent outcomes; strongest effects for child outcomes were found at the 12-month assessment with medium effect sizes on most measures. Implications for the prevention of adverse outcomes in children of depressed parents are highlighted.
The association between combat-related traumatic injury (CRTI) and cardiovascular risk is uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the association between CRTI and both metabolic syndrome (MetS) ...and arterial stiffness.
This was a prospective observational cohort study consisting of 579 male adult UK combat veterans (UK-Afghanistan War 2003-2014) with CRTI who were frequency-matched to 565 uninjured men by age, service, rank, regiment, deployment period and role-in-theatre. Measures included quantification of injury severity (New Injury Severity Score (NISS)), visceral fat area (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), arterial stiffness (heart rate-adjusted central augmentation index (cAIx) and pulse wave velocity (PWV)), fasting venous blood glucose, lipids and high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP).
Overall the participants were 34.1±5.4 years, with a mean (±SD) time from injury/deployment of 8.3±2.1 years. The prevalence of MetS (18.0% vs 11.8%; adjusted risk ratio 1.46, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.94, p<0.0001) and the mean cAIx (17.61%±8.79% vs 15.23%±8.19%, p<0.0001) were higher among the CRTI versus the uninjured group, respectively. Abdominal waist circumference, visceral fat area, triglycerides, estimated insulin resistance and hs-CRP levels were greater and physical activity and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol lower with CRTI. There were no significant between-group differences in blood glucose, blood pressure or PWV. CRTI, injury severity (↑NISS), age, socioeconomic status (SEC) and physical activity were independently associated with both MetS and cAIx.
CRTI is associated with an increased prevalence of MetS and arterial stiffness, which are also influenced by age, injury severity, physical activity and SEC. The longitudinal impact of CRTI on clinical cardiovascular events needs further examination.
Animals inheriting the slick hair gene have a short, sleek, and sometimes glossy coat. The objective of the present study was to determine whether slick-haired Holstein cows regulate body temperature ...more effectively than wild-type Holstein cows when exposed to an acute increase in heat stress. Lactating slick cows (n=10) and wild-type cows (n=10) were placed for 10h in an indoor environment with a solid roof, fans, and evaporative cooling or in an outdoor environment with shade cloth and no fans or evaporative cooling. Cows were exposed to both environments in a single reversal design. Vaginal temperature, respiration rate, surface temperature, and sweating rate were measured at 1200, 1500, 1800, and 2100h (replicate 1) or 1200 and 1500h (replicate 2), and blood samples were collected for plasma cortisol concentration. Cows in the outdoor environment had higher vaginal and surface temperatures, respiration rates, and sweating rates than cows in the indoor environment. In both environments, slick-haired cows had lower vaginal temperatures (indoor: 39.0 vs. 39.4°C; outdoor 39.6 vs. 40.2°C; SEM=0.07) and respiration rate (indoor: 67 vs. 79 breaths/min; outdoor 97 vs. 107 breaths/min; SEM=5.5) than wild-type cows and greater sweating rates in unclipped areas of skin (indoor: 57 vs. 43g.h−1/m2; outdoor 82 vs. 61g.h−1/m2; SEM=8). Clipping the hair at the site of sweating measurement eliminated the difference between slick-haired and wild-type cows. Results indicate that slick-haired Holstein cows can regulate body temperature more effectively than wild-type cows during heat stress. One reason slick-haired animals are better able to regulate body temperature is increased sweating rate.
Microwave breast cancer detection is based on differences in electrical properties between healthy and malignant tissues. Tissue sensing adaptive radar (TSAR) has been proposed as a method of ...microwave breast imaging for early tumor detection. TSAR senses all tissues in the volume of interest and adapts accordingly. Simulation results have shown the feasibility of this system for detecting tumors of 4 mm in diameter. In this paper, the second-generation experimental system for TSAR is presented. Materials with electrical properties similar to those in the breast are used for the breast model. A resistively loaded Wu-King monopole antenna is fabricated, and reflections from the breast model over the frequency range of 1-10 GHz are recorded. The reflected signals are processed with the TSAR algorithm, which includes improved skin subtraction and TSAR focusing algorithms. Various tumor models are examined; specifically, a 1-cm tumor is detected with a signal-to-clutter ratio of 10.41 dB. Tumor detection with the experimental system is evaluated and compared to simulation results.
Microwave imaging of the breast is of interest for monitoring breast health, and approaches to active microwave imaging include tomography and radar-based methods. While the literature contains a ...growing body of work related to microwave breast imaging, there are only a few prototype systems that have been used to collect data from humans. In this paper, a prototype system for monostatic radar-based imaging that has been used in an initial study measuring reflections from volunteers is discussed. The performance of the system is explored by examining the mechanical positioning of sensor, as well as microwave measurement sensitivity. To gain insight into the measurement of reflected signals, simulations and measurements of a simple phantom are compared and discussed in relation to system sensitivity. Finally, a successful scan of a volunteer is described.
This study investigated the relationship between combat-related traumatic injury (CRTI) and its severity and predicted cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
This was an analysis of comparative 10-year ...predicted CVD risk (myocardial infarction, stroke or CVD-death) using the QRISK®3 scoring-system among adults recruited into the Armed Services Trauma Rehabilitation Outcome (ADVANCE) cohort study. Participants with CRTI were compared to uninjured servicemen frequency-matched by age, sex, rank, deployment (Afghanistan 2003-2014) and role. Injury severity was quantified using the New Injury Severity Score (NISS).
One thousand one hundred forty four adult combat veterans were recruited, consisting of 579 injured (161 amputees) and 565 uninjured men of similar age ethnicity and time from deployment/injury. Significant mental illness (8.5% vs 4.4%; p = 0.006) and erectile dysfunction (11.6% vs 5.8%; p < 0.001) was more common, body mass index (28.1 ± 3.9 vs 27.4 ± 3.4 kg/m
; p = 0.001) higher and systolic blood pressure variability (median IQR) (1.7 1.2-3.0 vs 2.1 1.2-3.5 mmHg; p = 0.008) lower among the injured versus uninjured respectively. The relative risk (RR) of predicted CVD (versus the population expected risk) was higher (RR:1.67 IQR 1.16-2.48) among the injured amputees versus the injured non-amputees (RR:1.60 1.13-2.43) and uninjured groups (RR:1.52 1.12-2.34; overall p = 0.015). After adjustment for confounders CRTI, worsening injury severity (higher NISS, blast and traumatic amputation) were independently associated with QRISK®3 scores.
CRTI and its worsening severity were independently associated with increased predicted 10-year CVD risk.
The long-term psychosocial outcomes of UK armed forces personnel who sustained serious combat injuries during deployment to Afghanistan are largely unknown. We aimed to assess rates of probable ...post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and mental health-associated multimorbidity in a representative sample of serving and ex-serving UK military personnel with combat injuries, compared with rates in a matched sample of uninjured personnel.
This analysis used baseline data from the ADVANCE cohort study, in which injured individuals were recruited from a sample of UK armed forces personnel who were deployed to Afghanistan and had physical combat injuries, according to records provided by the UK Ministry of Defence. Participants from the uninjured group were frequency-matched by age, rank, regiment, deployment, and role on deployment. Participants were recruited through postal, email, and telephone invitations. Participants completed a comprehensive health assessment, including physical health assessment and self-reported mental health measures (PTSD Checklist, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7). The mental health outcomes were rates of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and mental health-associated multimorbidity in the injured and uninjured groups. The ADVANCE study is ongoing and is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN57285353.
579 combat-injured participants (161 with amputation injuries and 418 with non-amputation injuries) and 565 uninjured participants were included in the analysis. Participants had a median age of 33 years (IQR 30–37 years) at the time of assessment. 90·3% identified as White and 9·7% were from all other ethnic groups. The rates of PTSD (16·9% n=89 vs 10·5% n=53; adjusted odds ratio AOR 1·67 95% CI 1·16–2·41, depression (23·6% n=129 vs 16·8% n=87; AOR 1·46 1·08–2·03), anxiety (20·8% n=111 vs 13·5% n=71; AOR 1·56 1·13–2·24) and mental health-associated multimorbidity (15·3% n=81 vs 9·8% n=49; AOR 1·62 1·12–2·49) were greater in the injured group than the uninjured group. Minimal differences in odds of reporting any poor mental health outcome were noted between the amputation injury subgroup and the uninjured group (AOR range 0·77–0·97), whereas up to double the odds were noted for the non-amputation injury subgroup compared with the uninjured group (AOR range 1·74–2·02).
Serious physical combat injuries were associated with poor mental health outcomes. However, the type of injury sustained influenced this relationship. Regardless of injury, this cohort represents a group who present with greater rates of PTSD than the general population, as well as increased psychological burden from multimorbidity.
The ADVANCE Charity.
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