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An integral model of steam-assisted gravity drainage is described and modified with account for inequality of heat fluxes and the steam chamber growth in the vertical direction. The model is ...brought into the dimensionless form convenient for analyzing the influence of different phenomena on the process and verified by means of the calculations based on the Chung and Butler experiments. Within the framework of the model the main effects occurring during the process are described.
A thin organic film of copper phthalocynanine (CuPc) as p-type semiconductor was deposited by vacuum evaporation on n-type GaAs single-crystal semiconductor substrate. Electrical, photoelectrical and ...frequency response of the cells were investigated at a temperature interval of 23–74
°C. Photoelectric characteristics were measured under semiconductor laser beam injection illumination (
λ
=
650
nm
), while frequency response was investigated by laser beam modulated with a frequency range of 10
Hz–100
kHz.
It was observed that cell parameters such as rectification ratio; threshold voltage; nonlinearity coefficient; junction, shunt and series resistances; diode ideality factor and power conversion efficiency were temperature-dependent. Moreover, experimental data showed that open-circuit voltage decreases with an increase in frequency whereas short-circuit AC current falls with frequency but remains constant as a function of temperature. It was further observed that the short-circuit DC current remained constant with an increase in frequency as well as temperature. Based on the experimental data an equivalent circuit of photoelectric cell was proposed to explain the observed behavior.
The concept of the Lorentz-invariant mass of groups of photons is shown to be applicable to classical light pulses with finite sizes and duration. Diffraction of light, providing non-collinearity of ...the photon motion in pulses, provides also nonzero values of their Lorentz-invariant masses. By considering light pulses as relativistic objects we find that owing to diffraction and finiteness of the Lorentz-invariant mass the mean propagation speed of pulses is always smaller than the light speed c.
By differential scanning calorimetry and polarized light thermal microscopy the phase transition temperatures are determined and the data on the mesomorphic properties are obtained for three ...anisotropic 1,2,5-thiadiazole derivatives: 4,7-bis(dodecylsulfanyl)2,3,1benzothiadiazole
BTDA
, 4,7-bis (dodecylsulfanyl)1,2,5thiadiazolo3,4-cpyridine
PyTDA
, 4,7-bis(dodecylsulfanyl)1,2,5thiadiazolo3,4-cpyridazine
PrdTDA
. It is shown that among the studied compounds only
PrdTDA
is mesogenic. The induction of the
PrdTDA
mesophase is observed in a temperature range of 95.63-91.62 °C on cooling from the isotropic liquid phase. Using the quantum chemistry method DFT (B3LYP, B97D) with the cc-pVTZ and 6-311++G
**
basis sets, the structure of a free
PrdTDA
molecule is studied, its conformational properties are determined, and possible intermolecular interactions occurring in the crystalline phase are simulated. The analysis of potential functions of internal rotation of alkylsulfanyl substituents relative to the cyclic core shows that the
PrdTDA
molecule has three conformers. Based on the structure of the most energetically favorable conformer of the molecule, the geometry of the dimeric moiety of
PrdTDA···PrdTDA
chain associate characteristic of the crystalline phase is optimized. The analysis of electron density distribution (NBO) suggests that intermolecular interaction is possible due to LP(S), LP(N) lone pairs and σ-type anti-bonding NBOs σ
*
(C–N), σ
*
(S–N). A direct relationship between the molecular structure and the possibility of inducing mesophase due to non-covalent intermolecular interactions–chalcogen bond–is shown.
Today, it can be considered established that the thermal scheme of the human body consists of a "core", which includes the brain, internal organs of the chest and abdominal cavities, and a "shell" ...consisting of skin, hypodermic matrices, and superficial muscles. The goal of the work is to design a device for slow noncontact defrosting of a limb that has received a cold injury and previously was thermally insulated from the external environment. Measurements were made of the temperature of the muscle tissue of a biological object frostbitten under experimental conditions that was previously placed in a heat-insulating material with subsequent noncontact heating with low-power microwaves. Since the heat-insulating material is ratio transparent for the microwave range, the heating effect will act directly on the sample under study.
Issues of uneven distribution of wealth have been at the cornerstone of human geography since the inception of this discipline. Inequality in socio-economic values is found at all geographical scales ...both within and across regions – districts of cities, municipalities of regions, regions of countries. Polarization and alignment processes are subjected to close attention on behalf of research and political institutions worldwide, yet there is still no consensus on their assessment, forecast or possible measures of control and regulation. The aim of our research is to undertake comparative analysis and define the different methodological approaches to the assessment and evaluation of inter-regional divergence and convergence processes. The three major groups of methods are applied to test the divergence dynamics of Russian regions by their socio-economic characteristics – based on settlement patterns, industry clustering, and quality of life. The evaluation process is based on statistical grouping method, correlation and graph analysis using databases of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. Policy recommendations drawn upon the research results are addressed to public authorities for changes to be implemented in the regional policy.
Noncollinear biphoton states are found to possess a very high degree of azimuthal entanglement with typical values of ~10
4
for Schmidt parameter
K
(the ratio of the pump wavelength to its waist). A ...scheme that provides conditions for Schmidt-type mode separation and multichannel Schmidt-type decomposition is proposed for the partial use of this enormous high-entanglement resource.
In this paper, first, using reduction in a narrow sense (the simple reduction method), we have generalized the classical Gauss–Jordan method for solving finite systems of linear algebraic equations ...to inhomogeneous infinite systems. The generalization is based on a new theory of solving inhomogeneous infinite systems proposed by us, which gives an exact analytical solution in the form of a series. Second, we have shown that the use of reduction in the narrow sense in the case of homogeneous systems provides only a trivial solution. Therefore, to generalize the Gauss–Jordan method for solving infinite homogeneous systems we use the reduction method in a wide sense. A numerical comparison showing acceptable accuracy is presented.
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