PurposeTo investigate longitudinal changes in axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE) in children and adolescents with high myopia and to explore associated risk factors. MethodsThis was a ...longitudinal, observational cohort study of highly myopic participants (aged 7-17 years) to evaluate the mean rates of change in AL and SE. Mixed effects regression models were used to explore the risk factors. ResultsThe sample consisted of 293 participants (mean age at the baseline, 13.63 ± 2.66 years; mean AL, 27.03 ± 1.30 mm diopters; mean SE, -8.99 ± 2.30 diopters) who were followed for 7.09 ± 1.64 years. Pathological myopia (PM) was present in 11.95% of the participants at the baseline. Over the follow-up period, the mean AL and SE progression rates were 0.13 mm/y (95% CI, 0.12-0.14) and -0.36 diopters/y (95% CI, -0.39 to -0.34). The multivariate analysis showed that the AL elongation and myopic SE progression decreased significantly after age 11 (β = -0.080, P < 0.001; β = 0.146, P < 0.001), increased with a greater baseline SE (β = -0.006, P = 0.014; β = 0.017, P = 0.005), and accelerated in children and adolescents who had PM at the baseline (β = 0.043, P = 0.011; β = -0.097, P = 0.025). ConclusionsA significant association was found between acceleration of AL elongation and myopic SE progression among the children and adolescents with age, especially those younger than 11 years, and the presence of PM.
Hyperspectral images are widely used for classification due to its rich spectral information along with spatial information. To process the high dimensionality and high nonlinearity of hyperspectral ...images, deep learning methods based on convolutional neural network (CNN) are widely used in hyperspectral classification applications. However, most CNN structures are stacked vertically in addition to using a onefold size of convolutional kernels or pooling layers, which cannot fully mine the multiscale information on the hyperspectral images. When such networks meet the practical challenge of a limited labeled hyperspectral image dataset—i.e., “small sample problem”—the classification accuracy and generalization ability would be limited. In this paper, to tackle the small sample problem, we apply the semantic segmentation function to the pixel-level hyperspectral classification due to their comparability. A lightweight, multiscale squeeze-and-excitation pyramid pooling network (MSPN) is proposed. It consists of a multiscale 3D CNN module, a squeezing and excitation module, and a pyramid pooling module with 2D CNN. Such a hybrid 2D-3D-CNN MSPN framework can learn and fuse deeper hierarchical spatial–spectral features with fewer training samples. The proposed MSPN was tested on three publicly available hyperspectral classification datasets: Indian Pine, Salinas, and Pavia University. Using 5%, 0.5%, and 0.5% training samples of the three datasets, the classification accuracies of the MSPN were 96.09%, 97%, and 96.56%, respectively. In addition, we also selected the latest dataset with higher spatial resolution, named WHU-Hi-LongKou, as the challenge object. Using only 0.1% of the training samples, we could achieve a 97.31% classification accuracy, which is far superior to the state-of-the-art hyperspectral classification methods.
Anti-tumor drug resistance is a challenge for human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment. Our previous work demonstrated that TNFAIP2 activates RAC1 to promote TNBC cell proliferation and ...migration. However, the mechanism by which TNFAIP2 activates RAC1 is unknown. In this study, we found that TNFAIP2 interacts with IQGAP1 and Integrin β4. Integrin β4 activates RAC1 through TNFAIP2 and IQGAP1 and confers DNA damage-related drug resistance in TNBC. These results indicate that the Integrin β4/TNFAIP2/IQGAP1/RAC1 axis provides potential therapeutic targets to overcome DNA damage-related drug resistance in TNBC.
•Reduced FOV DWI manifested superior image quality and lesion conspicuity to the conventional DWI.•Lower ADC values correlated with advanced cervical carcinoma regardless of FOV.•ADC may be helpful ...for the evaluation of FIGO staging of cervical carcinoma.
To evaluate imaging quality (IQ) and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging of reduced field-of-view (r-FOV) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in cervical carcinoma (CC).
Sixty patients with pathologically proven CC who underwent both pre-treatment r-FOV DWI and full field-of-view (f-FOV) DWI on a 3.0T MRI scanner were retrospectively reviewed. The subjective qualitative image scores were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Objective quality values and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were estimated by paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test for the two DWI sequences according to Normality test. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between pathological results and mean ADC value.
The subjective IQ scores for r-FOV DWI were significantly higher than those for f-FOV DWI (P < 0.001). Similarly, the contrast-to-noise (CNR) value of r-FOV DWI was superior to that of f-FOV DWI (10.30 ± 3.676, 8.91 ± 3.008, P = 0.021). However, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) value of r-FOV DWI was considerably lower than that of f-FOV DWI (27.80 ± 6.056, 33.67 ± 7.833, P＜0.001). No significant difference was found between mean ADC values of f-FOV DWI and r-FOV DWI. There was a significant tendency for a negative correlation between the ADC values and FIGO stages of CC for both two sequences (r=−0. 436, P＜0.01; r=−0.470, P＜0.01, respectively).
The rFOV DWI sequence provided significantly better IQ and lesion conspicuity than the fFOV DWI sequence. In addition, rFOV sequences can be used in evaluation of FIGO staging of cervical cancer.
In this paper, the decentralized tracking problem for nonlinear large-scale interconnected systems is firstly transformed to optimal regulation problem for N augmented subsystems composed of the ...error system dynamics and the command generator dynamic associated with each isolated subsystems. The proposed novel formulation of decentralized adaptive tracking control strategy consists of a steady-state controller and a modified optimal feedback controller. Design parameters-dependent feasibility conditions are formulated by using Lyapunov theory to guarantee the existence of our proposed decentralized control scheme. A single critic neural network (NN)-based adaptive dynamic programming algorithm is used to find the estimation of optimal control policy, which is implemented online in real-time. By employing a stabilizing term in the critic NN weight updating law, there is no requirement for adopting initial admissible control in the proposed algorithm. Stability analysis of the closed-loop augmented subsystem is performed to show that all tracking errors and NN weight approximation errors are uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB). Furthermore, the approximated tracking control policy converges to the ideal control input with a small bounded error. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by some simulation results.
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•N-halamine and pyridinium were incorporated onto magnetic sub-microparticles.•The combination of N-halamine and pyridinium showed synergism.•The synergism provided boosted ...biocidability than single functionality counterparts.•The biocidability was stable and the rechargability of N-halamine was promising.
Dual biocidal groups of N-halamine and pyridinium were used to modify surface of magnetic sub-microparticles to exert enhanced synergistic antibacterial capacity. Magnetic silica Fe3O4 sub-microparticles (SMPs) were synthesized and then encapsulated with interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) of polystyrene (PS) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The carboxylic acid groups of PAA were used as surface reactive sites to bond with amino groups of 4-aminopyridine through amidation reaction. N-halamine/pyridinium-derivatized magnetic sub-microparticles were sequentially produced by quaternization of the pyridine to pyridinium with 1-chlorohexane and chlorination of amide N–H to N-halamine with NaClO. The synthetic steps and products were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectrocsopy (XPS). The N-halamine/pyridinium-derivatized SMPs with dual biocidal functionalities showed faster deactivation abilities against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared with their counterparts that contained only N-halamine or pyridinium, and exhibited promising stability toward repeated washing and long-term storage. The designed SMPs in this study offer potential and ideal candidates for sterilization application due to multiple advantages including improved synergistic biocidal ability, high surface area, and easy recyclability.
Vehicles are highly coupled and multi-degree nonlinear systems. The establishment of an appropriate vehicle dynamical model is the basis of motion planning for autonomous vehicles. With the ...development of autonomous vehicles from L2 to L3 and beyond, the automatic driving system is required to make decisions and plans in a wide range of speeds and on bends with large curvature. In order to make precise and high-quality control maneuvers, it is important to account for the effects of dynamical coupling in these working conditions. In this paper, a new single-coupled dynamical model (SDM) is proposed to deal with the various dynamical coupling effects by identifying and simplifying the complicated one. An autonomous vehicle motion planning problem is then formulated using the nonlinear model predictive control theory (NMPC) with the SDM constraint (NMPC-SDM). We validated the NMPC-SDM with hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments to evaluate improvements to control performance by comparing with the planners original design, using the kinematic and single-track models. The comparative results show the superiority of the proposed motion planning algorithm in improving the maneuverability and tracking performance.
Purpose: To explore the long-term visual quality of the same subjects after sub-Bowman keratomileusis (SBK) or femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK). Methods: This prospective study ...included patients screened for corneal refractive surgery at the Refractive Surgery Center of our Hospital between November 2017 and March 2018. One eye underwent SBK, while the other eye underwent FS-LASIK. Total higher-order aberrations, coma aberrations, and clover aberrations were evaluated before and at 1 month and 3 years after the procedure. The visual satisfaction of both eyes was investigated, respectively. The participants completed a surgical satisfaction questionnaire. Results: Thirty-three patients were included. There were no significant differences in total higher-order aberrations, coma aberrations, and clover aberrations between the two procedures before and 1 month and 3 years after surgery (all P > 0.05), except for the total coma aberrations in FS-LASIK were significantly higher compared with the SBK group at 1 month after surgery 0.51 (0.18, 0.93) vs. 0.77 (0.40, 1.22), P = 0.019. The surgical satisfaction questionnaire scores of the SBK group and the FS-LASIK group were 9.8 ± 0.8 and 9.8 ± 0.8, respectively, at 1 month, and 9.7 ± 0.9 and 9.7 ± 1.0, respectively, at 3 years (all P > 0.05). Conclusion: There were no differences in corneal aberrations and satisfaction between SBK and FS-LASIK procedures at 1 month and 3 years.
Magnetic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with encapsulated Co nanoparticles (Co@CNTs), was synthesized by exploiting the one-step pyrolysis strategy using ZIF-67 as template. The as-synthesized Co@CNTs is ...provided with the nanopores, a large specific surface area, and strong magnetic response. The obtained Co@CNTs was used as magnetic solid-phase extraction adsorbents to extract two profens including flurbiprofen and ketoprofen. The parameters of extraction efficiency, involving extraction time, sample solution volume, ionic strength, pH and the conditions of desorption efficiency, were optimized in detail. After determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV), the results evinced that Co@CNTs showed a high extraction efficiency with high enrichment factors of 832 and 672. The good linear range of both flurbiprofen and ketoprofen were all 5.0–1000 ng L−1, with the limit of detection were 0.60 ng L−1 and 0.70 ng L−1, respectively. Furthermore, a valid method for the extraction of flurbiprofen and ketoprofen from human serum was established. The spiking recoveries of two profens were between 86.74% and 97.22%, and the relative standard deviation was less than 6.55%. Co@CNTs can be repeatedly used at least 10 times, indicating its excellent regeneration and reusability. The results demonstrated that the Co@CNTs materials exhibits high enrichment ability and extraction efficiency, playing great promise in MSPE.
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•The facile one-step pyrolysis strategy was utilized to synthesize core-shell magnetic Co@CNTs.•The prepared Co@CNTs exhibited nanopores, high BET surface area and strong magnetic response.•High enrichment factor for profens using the Co@CNTs as MSPE adsorbent was obtained.•The developed method can be applied to enrich and detect trace profens in human serum.
Buildings of more than 34,000,000m2 areas are heated by hydro-geothermal energy in Tianjin, China. Karst reservoir is currently the most important hydro-geothermal resources under utilization. ...However, the imbalance between production and injection leads to a sharp decline of geothermal pressure. Thus, the geothermal doublet system composed of injection and production wells is required for sustainable production. This study takes Panzhuang karst geothermal reservoir (PGR) as an example, and establishes a regional-scale 3D realistic geothermal model to understand the natural status of temperature distribution in PGR, and the variation of temperatures in both production reservoirs, caprocks and deep wells under exploitation. Furthermore, the well placement is optimized, considering economic cost, to maintain the reservoir pressure and reduce the risk of heat breakthrough. The results show that the injection well should be placed downstream to the production well with a distance of 700 m. The optimized production and injection rates are estimated at 150 m3/h, which is able to maintain the wellhead temperature with the range from 97.5 °C to 99.5 °C, heat extraction rate of 12.4 MW for 50 years and the maximum pressure change in the reservoir below 140 kPa.
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