How can we nudge people to not engage in unethical behaviors, such as hoarding and violating social-distancing guidelines, during the COVID-19 pandemic? Because past research on antecedents of ...unethical behavior has not provided a clear answer, we turned to machine learning to generate novel hypotheses. We trained a deep-learning model to predict whether or not World Values Survey respondents perceived unethical behaviors as justifiable, on the basis of their responses to 708 other items. The model identified optimism about the future of humanity as one of the top predictors of unethicality. A preregistered correlational study (N = 218 U.S. residents) conceptually replicated this finding. A preregistered experiment (N = 294 U.S. residents) provided causal support: Participants who read a scenario conveying optimism about the COVID-19 pandemic were less willing to justify hoarding and violating social-distancing guidelines than participants who read a scenario conveying pessimism. The findings suggest that optimism can help reduce unethicality, and they document the utility of machine-learning methods for generating novel hypotheses.
Wheat yield can be enhanced by modifying the spike morphology and the plant height. In this study, a population of 191 F
recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed from a cross between two winter ...cultivars Yumai 8679 and Jing 411. A dense genetic linkage map with 10,816 markers was constructed by incorporating single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker information. Five spike morphological traits and plant height were evaluated under nine environments for the RILs and parental lines, and the number of detected environmentally stable QTLs were 18 and three, respectively. The 1RS/1BL (rye) translocation increased both spike length and spikelet number with constant spikelet compactness. The
was identical to gene
, which decreased spike length without modifying spikelet number. Notably, four novel QTLs locating on chromosomes 1AS (
), 2DS (
), and 7BS (
and
) were firstly identified in this study, which provide further insights into the genetic factors that shaped the spike morphology in wheat. Moreover, SNP markers tightly linked to previously reported QTLs will eventually facilitate future studies including their positional cloning or marker-assisted selection.
A high-reliability small-signal equivalent circuit model for indium-phosphide-based high-electron-mobility transistors (InP-based HEMTs) is proposed. A de-embedding scheme for the representative ...structure is utilized in this model with an electromagnetic simulation approach to consider the distributed extrinsic parasitic elements. The intrinsic part of the small-signal model is directly extracted with the Y-parameter of the intrinsic two-port network. The extraction of the parametric elements was performed under different biases and three different gate widths (2 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times</tex-math> </inline-formula> 20 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu</tex-math> </inline-formula>m, 2 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times</tex-math> </inline-formula> 30 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu</tex-math> </inline-formula>m, and 2 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\times</tex-math> </inline-formula> 50 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\mu</tex-math> </inline-formula>m), our S-parameter predictions showed good agreement with measurements in the 1-50-GHz frequency range. The proposed model performs an electromagnetic simulation of different gate-width devices, considers the devices' distribution and radio-frequency behavior, and avoids errors caused by traditional tests' extraction of parasitic parameters. The proposed model solves the problem that the conventional indium phosphide-based HEMT small-signal model is limited by the device topology, making the high-frequency modeling more accurate.
DC bias in power transformers leads to strong core saturation and thus nonlinearly inferior operation. This paper analyzes the ability of power transformers to withstand the dc bias by novel ...analytical criteria. The proposed criteria are obtained from the nonlinear equivalent circuit, which considers the effects of nonlinear inductances. The validity of the proposed analytical criteria is verified by the finite-element analysis results and experimental results, which indicates that the proposed analytical criteria are effective to evaluate the ability to withstand the dc bias of power transformers.
Power transformer iron core is mainly composed of electrical sheet steel, which is easily affected by vibration and noise. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the magnetostriction influence of ...electrical sheet steel. This paper analyzes the performance of vibration and noise in the power transformer iron core considering the magnetostriction influence of electrical steel sheet under different dc biases. First, the butterfly loops of magnetostrictive and magnetic hysteresis loops of electrical steel sheet measured by using a laser displacement magnetostriction measurement system, and the effect of dc bias on magnetostrictive and hysteresis characteristics was analyzed. Second, modeled to single-valued curves along the rolling direction and transversal direction for the finite-element method. Finally, the simulation results of a single-phase power transformer are verified by the experimental results under the dc bias.
We proposed a novel temperature-compensated multi-point strain sensing system based on cascaded FBG and optical FMCW interferometry. The former is used for simultaneous sensing of temperature and ...strain, and the latter is used for position information reading and multiplexing. In the experiment, a narrow linewidth laser with continuous frequency-sweeping was used as the light source. After demodulating the beat-frequency signal, the link information of the 16 m fiber was obtained, and the measured result was identical to the actual position. The measurement accuracy reached 50.15 mm, and the dynamic range was up to 22.68 dB. Meanwhile, we completed the sensing experiments for temperature range from 20 °C to 90 °C and strain range from 0 με to 7000 με. The sensitivity of the sensing system to temperature was 10.21 pm/°C, the sensitivity and accuracy to strain were as high as 1.163 pm/με and 10 με, respectively. Finally, the measured strain and temperature values were obtained using the sensing matrix. The sensing system has important practical significance in the field of quasi-distributed strain measurement.
Purpose
This paper aims to examine gender gaps in work-related outcomes in the context of Covid-19. The authors hypothesized that the Covid-19 pandemic would create a gender gap in perceived work ...productivity and job satisfaction. This is because when couples are working from home the whole day and when schools are closed, women are expected to devote more time to housework and childcare.
Design/methodology/approach
The authors used a sample of employed women and men from dual-career families who were working from home since Covid-19 lockdowns started. In total, 286 US-resident full-time employees participated in this study. Participants were asked to report their work productivity and job satisfaction before and since Covid-19 lockdowns.
Findings
It is found that before the Covid-19 pandemic, there were no gender differences in self-rated work productivity and job satisfaction. However, during the lockdown, women reported lower work productivity and job satisfaction than men.
Research limitations/implications
Participants retrospectively reported their work productivity and job satisfaction before Covid-19. However, there are unlikely to be systematic gender differences in retrospective reports of these measures. Further, the authors only sampled opposite-sex dual career parents. Future research needs to examine the effects of lockdowns on women and men in other types of households.
Practical implications
Given the nature of the Covid-19 pandemic, many regions might experience multiple periods of lockdown, and many workplaces have already adopted or are likely to adopt long-term work-from-home policies. The findings indicate that these long-term changes in the workplace might have long-term negative effects on women’s perceived productivity and job-satisfaction in dual-career families.
Social implications
The findings suggest that society needs provide additional support to women working from home and taking care of children or other dependents, particularly during lockdowns or during times when schools and daycare centers are closed.
Originality/value
The current research is one of the first to claim that despite the greater amount of time that women spend in housework and childcare than men, during normal times, they are as productive and as satisfied with their job as men. However, the Covid-19 pandemic increased women’s housework and childcare beyond a threshold, thereby creating a gender gap in work productivity and job satisfaction.
Tobacco is a special commercial crop that prefers potassium but not chlorine, and excessive chloride (Cl–) accumulation can cause toxicity. Here, we revealed that the structural characteristics of ...chloroplasts in tobacco leaves were significantly destroyed under high Cl– salinity, but not mitochondria. Large differences in leaf structure, MDA content, and antioxidant enzyme activities were observed for the treatment with highest chloride accumulation at the 14th day. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis of tobacco leaves exposed to high Cl– salinity revealed global changes in gene transcription levels. A total of 1360 DEGs involved in cell wall, lipid, starch, and secondary metabolism processes were unevenly distributed on chromosomes, and were mainly enriched for starch and sucrose metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, ribosome and ribosome biogenesis, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Overall, our study provides valuable insights for further research on the mechanism underlying Cl– salinity and salt-tolerant tobacco development.
Key message
This study demonstrated that the aberrant transcription of
DvGW2
contributed to the increased grain width and thousand-grain weight in wheat-
Dasypyrum villosum
T6VS·6DL translocation ...lines.
Due to the high immunity to powdery mildew,
Dasypyrum villosum
6VS has been one of the most successful applications of the wild relatives in modern wheat breeding. Along with the desired traits, side-effects could be brought when large alien chromosome fragments are introduced into wheat, but little is known about effects of 6VS on agronomic traits. Here, we found that T6VS·6DL translocation had significantly positive effects on grain weight, plant heightand spike length, and small negative effects on total spikelet number and spikelet compactness using recipient and wheat-
D. villosum
T6VS·6DL allohexaploid wheats, Wan7107 and Pm97033. Further analysis showed that the 6VS segment might exert direct genetic effect on grain width, then driving the increase of thousand-grain weight. Furthermore, comparative transcriptome analysis identified 2549 and 1282 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 2220 and 1496 specifically expressed genes (SEGs) at 6 days after pollination (DAP) grains and 15 DAP endosperms, respectively. Enrichment analysis indicated that the process of cell proliferation category was over-represented in the DEGs. Notably, two homologous genes,
TaGW2-D1
and
DvGW2
, were identified as putative candidate genes associated with grain weight and yield. The expression analysis showed that
DvGW2
had an aberrant expression in Pm97033, resulting in significantly lower total expression level of
GW2
than Wan7107, which drives the increase of grain weight and width in Pm97033. Collectively, our data indicated that the compromised expression of
DvGW2
is critical for increased grain width and weight in T6VS·6DL translocation lines.
The steady-state error and torque ripple caused by the mismatch or variation of parameters in the deadbeat predictive current control of permanent magnet synchronous motor are presented in this ...paper. An improved adaptive deadbeat current predictive model only related to inductance parameters is proposed. The influence of inductance variation on the system stability margin is quantitatively analyzed. When the variation is less than 50%, the system performance can be improved obviously. When the variation reaches 50%, the system will oscillate and cannot operate stably. The feed forward control strategy is introduced to improve the stability margin of the system, and the inductance disturbance of the system oscillation is expanded to 67%. Simulations and experiments are carried out for traditional deadbeat current predictive model, adaptive deadbeat predictive model, and adaptive model with feed forward control. Results show that under various working conditions, the effectiveness of the proposed method in eliminating the steady-state error caused by parameter disturbances is verified. The current distortion and torque ripple are also restrained. Both robustness and steady-state performance of the system are improved.
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