The differential cross-section for the process p(e,e'p)eta has been measured at Q2 ~ 5.7 and 7.0 (GeV/c)2 for centre-of-mass energies from threshold to 1.8 GeV, encompassing the S11(1535) resonance, ...which dominates the channel. This is the highest momentum transfer measurement of this exclusive process to date. The helicity-conserving transition amplitude A_1/2, for the production of the S11(1535) resonance, is extracted from the data. This quantity appears to begin scaling as 1/Q3, a predicted signal of the dominance of perturbative QCD, at Q2 ~ 5 (GeV/c)2.
Structure functions, as measured in lepton-nucleon scattering, have proven to be very useful in studying the quark dynamics within the nucleon. However, it is experimentally difficult to separately ...determine the longitudinal and transverse structure functions, and consequently there are substantially less data available for the longitudinal structure function in particular. Here we present separated structure functions for hydrogen and deuterium at low four--momentum transfer squared, Q^2< 1 GeV^2, and compare these with parton distribution parameterizations and a k_T factorization approach. While differences are found, the parameterizations generally agree with the data even at the very low Q^2 scale of the data. The deuterium data show a smaller longitudinal structure function, and smaller ratio of longitudinal to transverse cross section R, than the proton. This suggests either an unexpected difference in R for the proton and neutron or a suppression of the gluonic distribution in nuclei.
A large set of cross sections for semi-inclusive electroproduction of charged pions (π±) from both proton and deuteron targets was measured. The data are in the deep-inelastic scattering region with ...invariant mass squared W2 > 4 GeV2 and range in four-momentum transfer squared 2 < Q2 < 4 (GeV/c)2, and cover a range in the Bjorken scaling variable 0.2 < x < 0.6. The fractional energy of the pions spans a range 0.3 < z < 1, with small transverse momenta with respect to the virtual-photon direction, Pt2 < 0.2 (GeV/c)2. The invariant mass that goes undetected, Mx or W', is in the nucleon resonance region, W' < 2 GeV. The new data conclusively show the onset of quark-hadron duality in this process, and the relation of this phenomenon to the high-energy factorization ansatz of electron-quark scattering and subsequent quark → pion production mechanisms. The x, z and Pt2 dependences of several ratios (the ratios of favored-unfavored fragmentation functions, charged pion ratios, deuteron-hydrogen and aluminum-deuteron ratios for π+ and π-) have been studied. The ratios are found to be in good agreement with expectations based upon a high-energy quark-parton model description. We find the azimuthal dependences to be small, as compared to exclusive pion electroproduction, and consistent with theoretical expectations based on tree-level factorization in terms of transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution and fragmentation functions. In the context of a simple model, the initial transverse momenta of d quarks are found to be slightly smaller than for u quarks, while the transverse momentum width of the favored fragmentation function is about the same as for the unfavored one, and both fragmentation widths are larger than the quark widths.
We report a measurement of the nuclear polarization of laser-cooled, optically pumped 37K atoms which will allow us to precisely measure angular correlation parameters in the β + -decay of the same ...atoms. These results will be used to test the V − A framework of the weak interaction at high precision. At the Triumf neutral atom trap (Trinat), a magneto-optical trap confines and cools neutral 37K atoms and optical pumping spin-polarizes them. We monitor the nuclear polarization of the same atoms that are decaying in situ by photoionizing a small fraction of the partially polarized atoms and then use the standard optical Bloch equations to model their population distribution. We obtain an average nuclear polarization of P ¯ = 0.9913 0.0009 , which is significantly more precise than previous measurements with this technique. Since our current measurement of the β-asymmetry has 0.2 % statistical uncertainty, the polarization measurement reported here will not limit its overall uncertainty. This result also demonstrates the capability to measure the polarization to < 0.1 % , allowing for a measurement of angular correlation parameters to this level of precision, which would be competitive in searches for new physics.
We present new data on electron scattering from a range of nuclei taken in Hall C at Jefferson Lab. For heavy nuclei, we observe a rapid falloff in the cross section for $x>1$, which is sensitive to ...short range contributions to the nuclear wave-function, and in deep inelastic scattering corresponds to probing extremely high momentum quarks. This result agrees with higher energy muon scattering measurements, but is in sharp contrast to neutrino scattering measurements which suggested a dramatic enhancement in the distribution of the `super-fast' quarks probed at x>1. The falloff at x>1 is noticeably stronger in ^2H and ^3He, but nearly identical for all heavier nuclei.
The process ep {yields} ep{pi}{sup 0} has been measured at Q{sup 2} = 6.4 and 7.7 (GeV/c{sup 2}){sup 2} in Jefferson Lab's Hall C. Unpolarized differential cross sections are reported in the virtual ...photon-proton center-of-mass frame considering the process {gamma}*p {yields} p{pi}{sup 0}. Various details relating to the background subtractions, radiative corrections, and systematic errors are discussed. The usefulness of the data with regard to the measurement of the electromagnetic properties of the well-known {Delta}(1232) resonance is covered in detail. Specifically considered are the electromagnetic and scalar-magnetic ratios R{sub EM} and R{sub SM} along with the magnetic transition form factor G*{sub M}. It is found that the rapid falloff of the {Delta}(1232) contribution continues into this region of momentum transfer and that other resonances may be making important contributions in this region.
Since the 1st generation experiment, E89-009, which was successfully carried out as a pilot experiment of (e,e'K+) hypernuclear spectroscopy at JLab Hall C in 2000, precision hypernuclear ...spectroscopy by the (e,e'K+) reactions made considerable progress. It has evolved to the 2nd generation experiment, E01-011, in which a newly constructed high resolution kaon spectrometer (HKS) was installed and the “Tilt method” was adopted in order to suppress large electromagnetic background and to run with high luminosity. Preliminary high-resolution spectra of
7
ΛHe and
28
ΛAl together with that of
12
ΛB that achieved resolution better than 500 keV(FWHM) were obtained. The third generation experiment, E05-115, has completed data taking with an experimental setup combining a new splitter magnet, high resolution electron spectrometer (HES) and the HKS used in the 2nd generation experiment. The data were accumulated with targets of
7Li,
9Be,
10B,
12C and
52Cr as well as with those of CH
2 and H
2O for calibration. The analysis is under way with particular emphasis of determining precision absolute hypernuclear masses.
In this article, hypernuclear spectroscopy program in the wide mass range at JLab Hall C that has undergone three generation is described.
We present new data for the polarization observables of the final state proton in the $^{1}H(\vec{\gamma},\vec{p})\pi^{0}$ reaction. These data can be used to test predictions based on hadron ...helicity conservation (HHC) and perturbative QCD (pQCD). These data have both small statistical and systematic uncertainties, and were obtained with beam energies between 1.8 and 5.6 GeV and for $\pi^{0}$ scattering angles larger than 75$^{\circ}$ in center-of-mass (c.m.) frame. The data extend the polarization measurements data base for neutral pion photoproduction up to $E_{\gamma}=5.6 GeV$. The results show non-zero induced polarization above the resonance region. The polarization transfer components vary rapidly with the photon energy and $\pi^{0}$ scattering angle in c.m. frame. This indicates that HHC does not hold and that the pQCD limit is still not reached in the energy regime of this experiment.
Ta–O–N coatings (2–4 μm thick) were deposited on high-speed steel by DC reactive magnetron sputtering. The O
2
/
N
2 ratio in the plasma was varied between 0.08 and 1.33. The (O
+
N)
/
Ta ratio in ...the Ta–O–N films varies between 1.27 and 2.78 and the oxygen fraction,
f(O)
=
O
/
(O
+
N), between 0.06 and 0.96.
The hardness decreases from 27 to 6 GPa with increasing (O
+
N)
/
Ta ratio in the films.
The adhesion of the coatings to steel was evaluated by scratch tests. First cohesive failures occur at
L
c
1
=
1–4 N for all the films. Most films with 2.16
≤
(O
+
N)
/
Ta
≤
2.77 fail by gross interfacial shell-shaped spallation at
L
c
2
=
3–5 N. Films with highest (O
+
N)
/
Ta
=
2.78 are very brittle and exhibit a large area interfacial spallation already at low loads. At high loads (
L
c
3
=
22–26 N) all films fail via large scale interfacial spallation inside the track, resulting in coating delamination.
The tribological behaviour of the coatings in pin-on-disk tests is discussed with respect to the metalloid content in the Ta–O–N.
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