This study evaluated the influence of the extract of
in adhesion to human buccal epithelial cells (HBEC) biofilm formation and cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) of
spp. isolated from the oral cavity ...of kidney transplant patients. To evaluate virulence attributes in vitro, nine yeasts were grown in the presence and absence of 1000 μg/mL of the extract. Adhesion was quantified using the number of
cells adhered to 150 HBEC determined by optical microscope. Biofilm formation was evaluated using two methodologies: XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2
-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) and crystal violet assay, and further analyzed by electronic scan microscopy. CSH was quantified with the microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons test. We could detect that the extract of
was able to reduce adhesion to HBEC and CSH for both
and non-
species. We also observed a statistically significant reduced ability to form biofilms in biofilm-producing strains using both methods of quantification. However, two highly biofilm-producing strains of
had a very large reduction in biofilm formation. This study reinforces the idea that besides growth inhibition,
may interfere with the expression of some virulence factors of
spp. and may be possibly applied in the future as a novel antifungal agent.
Pickering emulsions, emulsified systems stabilized by particles, have been comprehensively reported in the literature, mainly due to the advantages they have to conventional ones, such as the ...possibility of using natural particles, in addition to greater long-term stability, being a plausible choice for obtaining products. Zein is a protein derived from corn, being one of the few non-hydrophilic proteins approved by the Food and Drug Administration for oral use. Since 2012, this polymer, in its particulate form, has been reported as a possible stabilizing agent for Pickering emulsions, since some of its characteristics can be adjusted, making these particles present ideal properties for adsorption in droplets, leading to a stabilization steric of the formulations. These adjustments can be made from the processing and manufacturing stages, varying the preparation methodology, pH, protein concentration, and solvent type. However, the hybridization of these particles with other compounds (polysaccharides, proteins, surfactants, and polyphenols) proved to be effective in modulating the physicochemical characteristics, leading to more appropriate wettability, zeta potential, size, among others. In addition to providing the formation of emulsions in gels with improved stability. Therefore, it was demonstrated that zein particles and their complexes are configured as potential stabilizers of Pickering systems, especially when it comes to use in the pharmaceutical and food industries, as it was found that these particles stabilize formulations, contributing to the inhibition of processes of physicochemical instability, such as chemical degradation of the system, coalescence, Ostwald maturation, and lipid oxidation, leading to a possible increase in shelf life.
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•Zein particles are being studied for use as stabilizers in dispersed systems.•Manufacturing and other factors influence particle characteristics and performance as an emulsion stabilizer.•Complexation of zein with other compounds results in more stable particles.•Formulations with zein have applicability in the food and pharmaceutical industry.•Formulations with zein particles present physicochemical stability and delay the degradation of bioactive compounds.
In this study was evaluated the influence of the extraction factors on the extract’s properties to improve the recovery of high concentrations of the phytochemicals important for the biological ...activities from pods of Libidibia ferrea (Mart. ex Tul.) L. P. Queiroz. The extracts were obtained by turbo-extraction and a factorial design 32 was used to study the importance of the drug amount (5, 10 or 15 g) and the solvent (Ethanol 40, 60 or 80%, v/v) on the variables of response, and the optimization was performed by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Desirability profile. Mathematical models were fitted according to experimental data and the validated equations were used to generate RSM for each dependent variable (dry residue; total polyphenol content; content of gallic acid and ellagic acid; and, efficiency of extraction). The factors studied within the applied experimental field presented different influence profiles for the responses, and significant interactions between linear and quadratic terms. The statistical analysis showed high R2 > 0.99. The RSM and Desirability (> 0.95) allowed to show that the optimum conditions to produce extractive solutions of Libidibia ferrea with high efficiency for ellagic acid and gallic acid were 15 g and ethanol 40%.
Abstract Syzygium cumini L. Skeels belongs to Myrtaceae family. This species has been recognized by its antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Despite ever-increasing ...scientific interest for this species there is no pharmacopeia method for characterization and standardization of S. cumini yet. So, toward this aim, the objective of this work was to develop an efficient analytical methodology able to determine polyphenols and tannins content from leaves hydroethanolic extract of S. cumini using Folin-Ciocalteu method by ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry (UV-Vis). The analytical methodology was developed for the first time in the literature for leaves of this specie shown to be fast and low-cost with results expressed through tannic acid equivalent (TAE). Moreover, the methodology presented selectivity with maximum absorption at 706 nm wavelength, linearity with R2>0.99; limit of detection 0.275 µg TAE mL-1 and 0.102 µg TAE mL-1; limit of quantification 1.046 µg TAE mL-1 and 0.912 µg TAE mL-1 for total polyphenols and total tannins, respectively. Furthermore, the methodology was accurate with recover value greater than 98%, as well as exact, reproductive, and robust with coefficient of variation values less than 15% for both compounds. All the results are found within the fixed limits according to RDC 166/2017.
This study evaluated the effects of acute exposure of Aedes aegypti third instar (L3) larvae to the saline extract of Opuntia ficus‐indica cladodes on the biological cycle and fertility of the ...emerging adults. For this, larvae were treated for 24 h with the extract at ¼ LC50 (lethal concentration to kill 50% of larvae), ½ LC50 or LC50; the development and reproduction of the emerged adults were evaluated after a recovery period of 9 days. The resistance of proteins in the extract to hydrolysis by L3 digestive enzymes and histomorphological alterations in the larval midgut were also investigated. The extract contained lectin, flavonoids, cinnamic derivatives, terpenes, steroids, and reducing sugars. It showed a LC50 of 3.71% for 48 h. The data indicated mean survival times similar in control and extract treatments. It was observed development delay in extract‐treated groups, with a lower number of adults than in control. However, the females that emerged laid similar number of eggs in control and treatments. Histological evaluation revealed absence of bacterial and fungal microorganisms in the food content in midguts from larvae treated with cladode extract. Electrophoresis revealed that three polypeptides in the extract resisted to hydrolysis by L3 digestive proteases for 90 min. The lectin activity was not altered even after 24‐h incubation with the enzymes. In conclusion, the extract from O. ficus‐indica can delay the development of Ae. aegypti larvae, which may be linked to induction of an axenic environment at larval midgut and permanence of lectin activity even after proteolysis.
Opuntia ficus‐indica cladode extract contains lectin, flavonoids, cinnamic derivatives, terpenes, steroids, and reducing sugars. The extract killed Aedes aegypti larvae (LC50/48h of 3.71%), delayed its development, and abolished the presence of microorganisms in the food content at the larval midguts. Polypeptide profile and lectin activity in the extract resisted to 24‐h incubation with larval enzymes. The delay of larval development may be linked to the induction of an axenic environment at larval midgut.
The traditional use of
L. ("Pitanga") is reported due to several properties, which have often been related to its flavonoid content.
The aim was to evaluate analytical procedures for quantification ...of total flavonoids content (TFCs) by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry in the herbal material (HM), crude extract (CE), and fractions from leaves of
.
The method for quantification of flavonoids after complexation with aluminum chloride (AlCl
) was evaluated: amount of sample (0.25-1.5 g); solvent (40%-80% ethanol); reaction time and AlCl
concentration (2.5%-7.5%). The procedures by direct dilution (DD) and after acid hydrolysis (AH) were used and validated for HM and CE and applied to the aqueous fraction (AqF), hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate fractions (EAF).
The ideal conditions of analysis were ethanol 80% as solvent; 0.5 g of sample; λmax of 408 (DD) and 425 nm (AH); 25 min after addition of AlCl
5%. The procedures validated for standards and samples showed linearity (
> 0.99) with limit of detection and limit of quantification between 0.01 and 0.17 mg/mL (rutin and quercetin); and 0.03 and 0.09 mg/mL (quercetin), for DD and AH, respectively. The procedures were accurate (detect, practice, and repair < 5% and recovery >90%), and stable under robustness conditions (luminosity, storage, reagents, and equipment). The TFCs in AqF and EAF were 0.65 g% and 17.72 g%, calculated as rutin.
UV-Vis methods for quantification of TFC in HM, CE, and fractions from leaves of
were suitably validated. Regarding the analysis of fractions, the EAF achieved enrichment of about nine times in the content of flavonoids.
The total flavonoids content (TFCs) of herbal material, crude extract, and fractions from
can be quantified by ultraviolet-visibleThe spectrophotometric methods (direct dilution and acid hydrolysis) were reproducible and able to quantify TFC in raw material and derivatives from leaves of
Higher flavonoids content was observed in ethyl acetate fractions after enrichment.
: HM: Herbal material, CE: Crude extract, AqF: Aqueous fraction, HF: Hexanic fraction, EAF: Ethyl acetate fraction, TFC: Total flavonoids content, HCl: Hydrochloric acid, DD: Direct dilution, AH: After hydrolysis, RSD: Relative standard, A.U.: Absorption units.
is able to switch from yeast to hyphal growth and this is an essential step for tissue invasion and establishment of infection. Due to the limited drug arsenal used to treat fungal infections and the ...constant emergence of resistant strains, it is important to search for new therapeutic candidates. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate by proteomic analysis the role of a natural product (
) in impairing hypha formation in
. We also tested the potential action of
to prevent and treat oral candidiasis induced in a murine model of oral infection and the ability of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to phagocytize
cells treated with the ethyl acetate fraction of the extract. We found that this fraction greatly reduced hypha formation after morphogenesis induction in the presence of serum. Besides, several proteins were differentially expressed in cells treated with the fraction. Surprisingly, the ethyl acetate fraction significantly reduced phagocytosis in
(Mean 120.36 ± 36.71 yeasts/100 PMNs vs. 44.68 ± 19.84 yeasts/100 PMNs). Oral candidiasis was attenuated when
cells were either pre-incubated in the presence of
or when the fraction was applied to the surface of the oral cavity after infection. These results were consistent with the reduction in CFU counts (2.36 vs. 1.85 Log10 CFU/ml) and attenuation of tissue damage observed with histopathological analysis of animals belonging to treated group. We also observed shorter true hyphae by direct examination and histopathological analysis, when cells were treated with the referred natural product. The
ethyl acetate fraction was non-toxic to human cells.
may act on essential proteins mainly related to cellular structure, reducing the capacity of filamentation and attenuating infection in a murine model, without causing any toxic effect on human cells, suggesting that it may be a future therapeutic alternative for the treatment of
infections.
In this study, we investigated the influence of mixture design on the chemical profile of Eugenia unifloraleaves, evaluating the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, the toxic and hemolytic ...potential, with the focus on the improvement of the polyphenol’s extraction for incorporation of the extract in semi-solid forms with antifungal action. The chemical analysis was evaluated by UV-Vis and HPLC. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and hemolytic activities were monitored. The flavonoid content ranged from 2.63-7.98 %w/w and tannins from 5.42-18.29 %w/w. The extract consisted of gallic acid (0.09-1.29%; w/w), ellagic acid (0.09-0.37%; w/w), and myricitrin (0.18-1.20%; w/w). The most successful solvent system with the highest level of active extract was water: ethanol: propylene glycol. The extracts showed fungicidal properties (3.9 μg/mL), high antioxidant activity (IC50: 9.50 μg/mL), and low toxicity. These solvent mixtures can improve the in vitro bioactivities when compared to pure solvents and this result demonstrates the importance of mixture designs as useful tools for creating high-quality herbal products and elucidate the potential of E. unifloraglycolic extracts as active herbal pharmaceutical ingredients in topical delivery systems.
The aim of the study was to evaluate several mechanical and chemical decontamination methods associated with a newly introduced biofilm matrix disruption strategy for biofilm cleaning and ...preservation of implant surface features.
Titanium (Ti) discs were obtained by additive manufacturing. Polymicrobial biofilm-covered Ti disc surfaces were decontaminated with mechanical Ti curette, Teflon curette, Ti brush, water-air jet device, and Er:YAG laser or chemical iodopovidone (PVPI) 0.2% to disrupt the extracellular matrix, along with amoxicillin; minocycline; tetracycline; H
O
3%; chlorhexidine 0.2%; NaOCl 0.95%; hydrocarbon-oxo-borate-based antiseptic protocols. The optimal in vitro mechanical/chemical protocol was then tested in combination using an in vivo biofilm model with intra-oral devices.
Er:YAG laser treatment displayed optimum surface cleaning by biofilm removal with minimal deleterious damage to the surface, smaller Ti release, good corrosion stability, and improved fibroblast readhesion. NaOCl 0.95% was the most promising agent to reduce in vitro and in vivo biofilms and was even more effective when associated with PVPI 0.2% as a pre-treatment to disrupt the biofilm matrix. The combination of Er:YAG laser followed by PVPI 0.2% plus NaOCl 0.95% promoted efficient decontamination of rough Ti surfaces by disrupting the biofilm matrix and killing remnants of in vivo biofilms formed in the mouth (the only protocol to lead to ~99% biofilm eradication).
Er:YAG laser + PVPI 0.2% + NaOCl 0.95% can be a reliable decontamination protocol for Ti surfaces, eliminating microbial biofilms without damaging the implant surface.
Carapa guianensis
, a popular medicinal plant known as “Andiroba” in Brazil, has been used in traditional medicine as an insect repellent and anti-inflammatory product. Additionally, this seed oil ...has been reported in the literature as a repellent against
Aedes aegypti
. The aim of this work is to report on the emulsification of vegetable oils such as “Andiroba” oil by using a blend of nonionic surfactants (Span 80® and Tween 20®), using the critical hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) and pseudo-ternary diagram as tools to evaluate the system’s stability. The emulsions were prepared by the inverse phase method. Several formulations were made according to a HLB spreadsheet design (from 4.3 to 16.7), and the products were stored at 25°C and 4°C. The emulsion stabilities were tested both long- and short-term, and the more stable one was used for the pseudo-ternary diagram study. The emulsions were successfully obtained by a couple of surfactants, and the HLB analysis showed that the required HLB of the oil was 16.7. To conclude, the pseudo-ternary diagram identified several characteristic regions such as emulsion, micro-emulsion, and separation of phases.
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