Coastal dunes are important habitats that also play an important role in coastal protection. In areas of high tourist activity, they have often been degraded by trampling and intensive use, resulting ...in a loss of ecological, aesthetic and protective values. As a result, several management actions have been taken to minimise dune degradation and enhance their recovery. One of these measures is the installation of elevated boardwalks and dune crossovers to regulate human access to the beaches. This paper quantifies and analyses the impact of the installation of boardwalks and dune crossovers on dune recovery in a highly touristic area in southern Portugal. This was done using aerial photographs taken before and 5–10 years after the implementation of the measures, and an effectiveness index was applied. The recovery observed was high to very high, ranging from 51% to 98% of the previously degraded dune. The areas with the oldest interventions showed an average recovery of 86% of the degraded area, while the most recently managed areas showed an average recovery of 69%. The high rate of recovery is mainly explained by the new habits developed by the population and tourists to access the beaches. Nevertheless, in some specific cases (i.e. where the use of the boardwalks requires a detour or where they end far from the beach) new degraded areas were observed, indicating the high relevance of the design of the boardwalks to the final recovery result. This work can serve as a basis for assessing the effectiveness of coastal management measures in any other coastal dune area with similar interventions.
•Dune degradation in tourist areas can be reversed by simple management actions.•Elevated boardwalks contribute to dune recovery and encourage new habits.•New degraded areas can result from poor boardwalk design.
Abstract The opening of the Cacela Inlet (southern Portugal) in 2010 led to unforeseen effects observed after 2017, including an extreme acceleration of the retreat of the inland lagoon margin from ...about 0.2 to 2 m/year. This was a consequence of the development of a large flood delta in an area of limited accommodation space, forcing the main tidal channel to move inland. The coastal retreat currently affects a flat sandy area that separates the old and inactive Cacela cliff from the lagoon. Between 2035 and 2040, the currently inactive Cacela cliff is likely to become active again, posing a potential risk of damage to a medieval fortress and the existing settlement of Cacela Velha, an unforeseen cascading effect of the opening of the inlet. In order to prevent instability and damage to this legally protected area of national and public interest, several coastal management measures will be required.
Numerous mechanisms have been proposed to explain why patients with malaria are more susceptible to bloodstream invasions by Salmonella spp., however there are still several unknown critical factors ...regarding the pathogenesis of coinfection. From a coinfection model, in which an S. enterica serovar Typhi (S_Typhi) was chosen to challenge mice that had been infected 24 h earlier with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (P.b_ANKA), we evaluated the influence of malaria on cytokine levels, the functional activity of femoral bone marrow-derived macrophages and neutrophils, and intestinal permeability. The cytokine profile over eight days of coinfection showed exacerbation in the cytokines MCP-1, IFNγ and TNFα in relation to the increase seen in animals with malaria. The cytokine profile was associated with a considerably reduced neutrophil and macrophage count and a prominent dysfunction, especially in ex vivo neutrophils in coinfected mice, though without bacterial modulation that could influence the invasion capacity of ex vivo S_Typhi obtained from liver macerate in non-phagocyte cells. Finally, irregularities in the integrity of intestinal tissue evidenced ruptures in the enterocyte layer, a presence of mononuclear leukocytes in the enterocyte layer, an increase of goblet cells in the enterocyte layer and a high volume of leukocyte infiltrate in the sub-mucosa were greatly increased in coinfected animals. Increases of mononuclear leukocytes in the enterocyte layer and volume of leukocyte infiltrate in the sub-mucosa were also seen in monoinfected animals with P. berghei ANKA. Our findings suggest malaria causes a disarrangement of intestinal homeostasis, exacerbation of proinflammatory cytokines and dysfunction in neutrophils that render the host susceptible to bacteremia by Salmonella spp.
Background Knowledge of the pattern of regression and distribution of residual tumor cells may assist in the selection of candidates for rectum-sparing strategies. Objective To investigate and ...identify factors associated with tumor regression pattern and distribution of residual tumor cells. Methods We conducted a prospective study of patients with T3/T4 N0/N+ adenocarcinoma of the middle and lower third of the rectum (≤10 cm) treated with radiotherapy (5×5 Gy) followed by 6 cycles of CAPOX chemotherapy. The pattern of tumor regression was classified as fragmented or solid. Microscopic intramural spread was measured. We used a model of distribution of residual tumor cells not yet applied to rectal cancer, defined as follows: type I (luminal), type II (invasive front), type III (concentric), and type IV (random). Results Forty patients were included with a median age of 66 years; 23 (57.5%) were men. A fragmented pattern was identified in 18 patients (45.0%), and a solid pattern in 22 (55.0%). Microscopic intramural spread was identified in 25 patients (62.5%), extending from 1 to 18 mm (median, 4 mm). There were 14 cases (35.0%) of microscopic intramural spread ≥10 mm. All cases of fragmented regression pattern, except one, showed microscopic intramural spread. Within the fragmented pattern, microscopic intramural spread was 4–8 mm in 4 cases and ≥10 mm in the remaining cases. All cases of microscopic intramural spread ≥ 10 mm were within the fragmented pattern. Regarding the distribution pattern of residual tumor cells, 11 cases (31.5%) were classified as type I, 14 (40.0%) as type II, 10 (28.5%) as type III, and none as type IV. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels >5 ng/mL, downsizing <50%, residual mucosal abnormality >20 mm, and anatomopathologic lymph node involvement were significantly associated with the occurrence of fragmentation ( P <0.05). Having received all 6 cycles of CAPOX chemotherapy and absence of microscopic intramural spread were significantly associated with the type I distribution pattern ( P <0.05). Conclusion The occurrence of a fragmented regression pattern is common, as is the presence of microscopic intramural spread. We could identify radiologic and clinicopathologic factors associated with the pattern of tumor regression and a type I distribution pattern.
First printed newspaper published in the city of São Paulo, O Farol Paulistano (1827-1831) takes advantage of the wind of freedom granted by D. Pedro I. Founded and managed by Costa Carvalho, one of ...the future members of the triumvirate elected to assume the regency after the abdication of the Emperor in 1831, this periodical assisted the rise of the parliamentary life in Brazil. Its purpose was nevertheless more ambitious, trying to convey a moralizing speech, anxious to improve (but not to regenerate) men and women. Introducing the press as a way of government placed under the authority of the local elite, the famous «coffee barons», the periodical also aimed to defend the public freedoms and to propagate the French ideas through regular translations. These translations, made from works imported from France by French booksellers, confirms the theory of a diffusion of the French juridical culture in Brazil; but it also illustrates a typical behaviour of the dominant class, at the origin of the Brazilian oligarchy, striving to legitimate its influence on law and its prise of the conservative power refused to the Emperor.
Arguments analogous to those found in the late medieval theory of the king’s two bodies, popularized by Ernst Kantorowicz, were resurrected in early nineteenth-century constitutional theories of the ...moderating powers of monarchy. Post-revolutionary French liberal thought, echoed by its Portuguese counterpart, rediscovered the virtues of the institution of royalty, notably the immaterial and immortal body of the king. This rediscovery was prompted by the uncertainties of different national political contexts which made many contemporaries believe it desirable to integrate restored monarchies within modern constitutional models for state stability. This first occurred with the Bourbons’ return to post-Napoleonic France and the restoration of the monarchy in 1814, and then with the Braganza royal family’s return to Portugal in 1821 after thirteen years of rule from Brazil. Using arguments similar to those previously made in late medieval European political and legal thought, French and Portuguese liberals developed a theory of the king’s two powers, according to which the monarch at once exercised a moderating power, defined by the abstract institutional nature of the king’s person, and an executive power, embodied within his physical person. This conceptualization of royal duality was intended to make it possible to delegate executive power to ministers, leaving the king only the attributes of a largely symbolic power. Liberals thereby hoped to confine the monarch to his purely institutional body in a de-politicized constitutional role.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of metazoan parasites on hematological and biochemical parameters and relative condition factor of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum ) farmed in ...northern Brazil. A total of 32 juvenile fish were captured from a commercial fish farm located in the municipality of Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas state, Brazil. Parasite prevalence was 100% for Anacanthorus spathulatus, Mymarothecium boegeri and Notozothecium janauachensis, 100% for Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae and 53.13% for Dolops geayi. The greatest mean parasite intensity was found in acantocephalans followed by monogeneans and branchiuran crustaceans. A negative correlation was observed between abundance of N. buttnerae and hematocrit percentage, hemoglobin concentration, total thrombocyte count and glucose and between abundance of the monogenean and glucose concentration. Parasitic infections caused damage in tambaqui in terms of the observed hematological parameters that were characterized by hypochromic anemia and thrombocytopenia, which are important parameters to be used in parasitic diagnosis. This study is the first record of the occurrence of Dolops geayi in farmed tambaqui in the Amazon.
Noninvasive ventilation is an increasingly disseminated therapeutic option, which is explained by increases in the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases, life expectancy, and the effectiveness ...of this type of respiratory support. This literature review observes that upon returning home after hospital discharge, there are difficulties in adhering to and maintaining this therapy. The aim of this study is to identify nursing interventions for client and family training in the proper use of noninvasive ventilation in the transition from hospital to community. A scoping review was carried out by searching MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. The articles were selected by two independent reviewers by applying the predefined eligibility criteria. Regarding transitional care, the authors opted to include studies about interventions to train clients and families during hospital stay, hospital discharge, transition from hospital to home, and the first 30 days after returning home. The eight included publications allowed for identification of interventions related to masks or interfaces, prevention of complications associated with noninvasive ventilation, leakage control, maintenance and cleaning of ventilators and accessories, respiratory training, ventilator monitoring, communication, and behavioral strategies as transitional care priority interventions to guarantee proper training in the transition from hospital to community.
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