The global forest carbon (C) stock is estimated at 662 Gt of which 45% is in soil organic matter. Thus, comprehensive understanding of the effects of forest management practices on forest soil C ...stock and greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes is needed for the development of effective forest-based climate change mitigation strategies. To improve this understanding, we synthesized peer-reviewed literature on forest management practices that can mitigate climate change by increasing soil C stocks and reducing GHG emissions. We further identified soil processes that affect soil GHG balance and discussed how models represent forest management effects on soil in GHG inventories and scenario analyses to address forest climate change mitigation potential. Forest management effects depend strongly on the specific practice and land type. Intensive timber harvesting with removal of harvest residues/stumps results in a reduction in soil C stock, while high stocking density and enhanced productivity by fertilization or dominance of coniferous species increase soil C stock. Nitrogen fertilization increases the soil C stock and N2O emissions while decreasing the CH4 sink. Peatland hydrology management is a major driver of the GHG emissions of the peatland forests, with lower water level corresponding to higher CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the global warming potential of all GHG emissions (CO2, CH4 and N2O) together can be ten-fold higher after clear-cutting than in peatlands with standing trees. The climate change mitigation potential of forest soils, as estimated by modelling approaches, accounts for stand biomass driven effects and climate factors that affect the decomposition rate. A future challenge is to account for the effects of soil preparation and other management that affects soil processes by changing soil temperature, soil moisture, soil nutrient balance, microbial community structure and processes, hydrology and soil oxygen concentration in the models. We recommend that soil monitoring and modelling focus on linking processes of soil C stabilization with the functioning of soil microbiota.
•Forest management have positive and negative effects on soil C stocks and GHG fluxes.•Intensive thinning and harvesting decrease soil C stock.•Coniferous tree species and fertilization increase soil ...C stock.•On drained peatlands, loss of soil C can be reduced by elevated water level.•Further understanding on soil C stabilization process and microbial processes needed.
The global forest carbon (C) stock is estimated at 662 Gt of which 45% is in soil organic matter. Thus, comprehensive understanding of the effects of forest management practices on forest soil C stock and greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes is needed for the development of effective forest-based climate change mitigation strategies. To improve this understanding, we synthesized peer-reviewed literature on forest management practices that can mitigate climate change by increasing soil C stocks and reducing GHG emissions. We further identified soil processes that affect soil GHG balance and discussed how models represent forest management effects on soil in GHG inventories and scenario analyses to address forest climate change mitigation potential.
Forest management effects depend strongly on the specific practice and land type. Intensive timber harvesting with removal of harvest residues/stumps results in a reduction in soil C stock, while high stocking density and enhanced productivity by fertilization or dominance of coniferous species increase soil C stock. Nitrogen fertilization increases the soil C stock and N2O emissions while decreasing the CH4 sink. Peatland hydrology management is a major driver of the GHG emissions of the peatland forests, with lower water level corresponding to higher CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the global warming potential of all GHG emissions (CO2, CH4 and N2O) together can be ten-fold higher after clear-cutting than in peatlands with standing trees.
The climate change mitigation potential of forest soils, as estimated by modelling approaches, accounts for stand biomass driven effects and climate factors that affect the decomposition rate. A future challenge is to account for the effects of soil preparation and other management that affects soil processes by changing soil temperature, soil moisture, soil nutrient balance, microbial community structure and processes, hydrology and soil oxygen concentration in the models. We recommend that soil monitoring and modelling focus on linking processes of soil C stabilization with the functioning of soil microbiota.
Quantification of land surface–atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their trends and uncertainties is essential for monitoring progress of the EU27+UK bloc as it strives to meet ambitious ...targets determined by both international agreements and internal regulation. This study provides a consolidated synthesis of fossil sources (CO2 fossil) and natural (including formally managed ecosystems) sources and sinks over land (CO2 land) using bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) approaches for the European Union and United Kingdom (EU27+UK), updating earlier syntheses (Petrescu et al., 2020, 2021). Given the wide scope of the work and the variety of approaches involved, this study aims to answer essential questions identified in the previous syntheses and understand the differences between datasets, particularly for poorly characterized fluxes from managed and unmanaged ecosystems. The work integrates updated emission inventory data, process-based model results, data-driven categorical model results, and inverse modeling estimates, extending the previous period 1990–2018 to the year 2020 to the extent possible. BU and TD products are compared with the European national greenhouse gas inventory (NGHGI) reported by parties including the year 2019 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The uncertainties of the EU27+UK NGHGI were evaluated using the standard deviation reported by the EU member states following the guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and harmonized by gap-filling procedures. Variation in estimates produced with other methods, such as atmospheric inversion models (TD) or spatially disaggregated inventory datasets (BU), originate from within-model uncertainty related to parameterization as well as structural differences between models. By comparing the NGHGI with other approaches, key sources of differences between estimates arise primarily in activities. System boundaries and emission categories create differences in CO2 fossil datasets, while different land use definitions for reporting emissions from land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) activities result in differences for CO2 land. The latter has important consequences for atmospheric inversions, leading to inversions reporting stronger sinks in vegetation and soils than are reported by the NGHGI. For CO2 fossil emissions, after harmonizing estimates based on common activities and selecting the most recent year available for all datasets, the UNFCCC NGHGI for the EU27+UK accounts for 926 ± 13 Tg C yr−1, while eight other BU sources report a mean value of 948 937,961 Tg C yr−1 (25th, 75th percentiles). The sole top-down inversion of fossil emissions currently available accounts for 875 Tg C in this same year, a value outside the uncertainty of both the NGHGI and bottom-up ensemble estimates and for which uncertainty estimates are not currently available. For the net CO2 land fluxes, during the most recent 5-year period including the NGHGI estimates, the NGHGI accounted for −91 ± 32 Tg C yr−1, while six other BU approaches reported a mean sink of −62 -117,-49 Tg C yr−1, and a 15-member ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) reported −69 -152,-5 Tg C yr−1. The 5-year mean of three TD regional ensembles combined with one non-ensemble inversion of −73 Tg C yr−1 has a slightly smaller spread (0th–100th percentiles of -135,+45 Tg C yr−1), and it was calculated after removing net land–atmosphere CO2 fluxes caused by lateral transport of carbon (crop trade, wood trade, river transport, and net uptake from inland water bodies), resulting in increased agreement with the NGHGI and bottom-up approaches. Results at the category level (Forest Land, Cropland, Grassland) generally show good agreement between the NGHGI and category-specific models, but results for DGVMs are mixed. Overall, for both CO2 fossil and net CO2 land fluxes, we find that current independent approaches are consistent with the NGHGI at the scale of the EU27+UK. We conclude that CO2 emissions from fossil sources have decreased over the past 30 years in the EU27+UK, while land fluxes are relatively stable: positive or negative trends larger (smaller) than 0.07 (−0.61) Tg C yr−2 can be ruled out for the NGHGI. In addition, a gap on the order of 1000 Tg C yr−1 between CO2 fossil emissions and net CO2 uptake by the land exists regardless of the type of approach (NGHGI, TD, BU), falling well outside all available estimates of uncertainties. However, uncertainties in top-down approaches to estimate CO2 fossil emissions remain uncharacterized and are likely substantial, in addition to known uncertainties in top-down estimates of the land fluxes. The data used to plot the figures are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8148461 (McGrath et al., 2023).
Quantification of land surface–atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide
(CO2) and their trends and uncertainties is essential for
monitoring progress of the EU27+UK bloc as it strives to meet ambitious
...targets determined by both international agreements and internal regulation.
This study provides a consolidated synthesis of fossil sources (CO2
fossil) and natural (including formally managed ecosystems) sources and
sinks over land (CO2 land) using bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD)
approaches for the European Union and United Kingdom (EU27+UK), updating
earlier syntheses (Petrescu et al., 2020, 2021). Given the wide scope of
the work and the variety of approaches involved, this study aims to answer
essential questions identified in the previous syntheses and understand the
differences between datasets, particularly for poorly characterized fluxes
from managed and unmanaged ecosystems. The work integrates updated emission
inventory data, process-based model results, data-driven categorical model
results, and inverse modeling estimates, extending the previous period
1990–2018 to the year 2020 to the extent possible. BU and TD products are
compared with the European national greenhouse gas inventory (NGHGI)
reported by parties including the year 2019 under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The uncertainties of the
EU27+UK NGHGI were evaluated using the standard deviation reported by the
EU member states following the guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) and harmonized by gap-filling procedures. Variation in
estimates produced with other methods, such as atmospheric inversion models
(TD) or spatially disaggregated inventory datasets (BU), originate from
within-model uncertainty related to parameterization as well as structural
differences between models. By comparing the NGHGI with other approaches,
key sources of differences between estimates arise primarily in activities.
System boundaries and emission categories create differences in CO2
fossil datasets, while different land use definitions for reporting
emissions from land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) activities
result in differences for CO2 land. The latter has important
consequences for atmospheric inversions, leading to inversions reporting
stronger sinks in vegetation and soils than are reported by the NGHGI. For CO2 fossil emissions, after harmonizing
estimates based on common activities and selecting the most recent year
available for all datasets, the UNFCCC NGHGI for the EU27+UK accounts for
926 ± 13 Tg C yr−1, while eight other BU sources report a mean
value of 948 937,961 Tg C yr−1 (25th, 75th percentiles). The
sole top-down inversion of fossil emissions currently available accounts for
875 Tg C in this same year, a value outside the uncertainty of both the
NGHGI and bottom-up ensemble estimates and for which uncertainty estimates
are not currently available. For the net CO2 land fluxes, during the most recent 5-year period including the NGHGI
estimates, the NGHGI accounted for −91 ± 32 Tg C yr−1, while six
other BU approaches reported a mean sink of −62 -117,-49 Tg C yr−1,
and a 15-member ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs)
reported −69 -152,-5 Tg C yr−1. The 5-year mean of three TD
regional ensembles combined with one non-ensemble inversion of −73 Tg C yr−1 has a slightly smaller spread (0th–100th percentiles of
-135,+45 Tg C yr−1), and it was calculated after removing net
land–atmosphere CO2 fluxes caused by lateral transport of carbon (crop
trade, wood trade, river transport, and net uptake from inland water bodies),
resulting in increased agreement with the NGHGI and bottom-up approaches.
Results at the category level (Forest Land, Cropland, Grassland) generally show good agreement between the NGHGI and category-specific models, but
results for DGVMs are mixed. Overall, for both CO2 fossil and net
CO2 land fluxes, we find that current independent approaches are consistent
with the NGHGI at the scale of the EU27+UK. We conclude that CO2
emissions from fossil sources have decreased over the past 30 years in the
EU27+UK, while land fluxes are relatively stable: positive or negative
trends larger (smaller) than 0.07 (−0.61) Tg C yr−2 can be ruled out
for the NGHGI. In addition, a gap on the order of 1000 Tg C yr−1
between CO2 fossil emissions and net CO2 uptake by the land exists
regardless of the type of approach (NGHGI, TD, BU), falling well outside all
available estimates of uncertainties. However, uncertainties in top-down
approaches to estimate CO2 fossil emissions remain uncharacterized and
are likely substantial, in addition to known uncertainties in top-down
estimates of the land fluxes. The data used to plot the figures are
available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8148461 (McGrath et al., 2023).
Quantification of land surface-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) and their trends and uncertainties is essential for monitoring progress of the EU27+UK bloc as it strives to meet ...ambitious targets determined by both international agreements and internal regulation. This study provides a consolidated synthesis of fossil sources (CO.sub.2 fossil) and natural (including formally managed ecosystems) sources and sinks over land (CO.sub.2 land) using bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) approaches for the European Union and United Kingdom (EU27+UK), updating earlier syntheses (Petrescu et al., 2020, 2021). Given the wide scope of the work and the variety of approaches involved, this study aims to answer essential questions identified in the previous syntheses and understand the differences between datasets, particularly for poorly characterized fluxes from managed and unmanaged ecosystems. The work integrates updated emission inventory data, process-based model results, data-driven categorical model results, and inverse modeling estimates, extending the previous period 1990-2018 to the year 2020 to the extent possible. BU and TD products are compared with the European national greenhouse gas inventory (NGHGI) reported by parties including the year 2019 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The uncertainties of the EU27+UK NGHGI were evaluated using the standard deviation reported by the EU member states following the guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and harmonized by gap-filling procedures. Variation in estimates produced with other methods, such as atmospheric inversion models (TD) or spatially disaggregated inventory datasets (BU), originate from within-model uncertainty related to parameterization as well as structural differences between models. By comparing the NGHGI with other approaches, key sources of differences between estimates arise primarily in activities. System boundaries and emission categories create differences in CO.sub.2 fossil datasets, while different land use definitions for reporting emissions from land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) activities result in differences for CO.sub.2 land. The latter has important consequences for atmospheric inversions, leading to inversions reporting stronger sinks in vegetation and soils than are reported by the NGHGI.
Calcyclin (S100A6) binding protein/Siah‐1 interacting protein (CacyBP/SIP) is mainly a cytoplasmic protein; however, some literature data suggested its presence in the nucleus. In this work we ...examined more precisely the nuclear localization and function of CacyBP/SIP. By applying mass spectrometry, we have identified several nuclear proteins, among them is nucleophosmin (NPM1), that may interact with CacyBP/SIP. Subsequent assays revealed that CacyBP/SIP forms complexes with NPM1 in the cell and that the interaction between these two proteins is direct. Interestingly, although CacyBP/SIP exhibits phosphatase activity, we have found that its overexpression favors phosphorylation of NPM1 on S125. In turn, the RNA immunoprecipitation assay indicated that the altered CacyBP/SIP level has an impact on the amount of 28S and 18S rRNA bound to NPM1. The overexpression of CacyBP/SIP resulted in a significant increase in the binding of 28S and 18S rRNA to NPM1, whereas silencing of CacyBP/SIP expression decreased 28S rRNA binding and had no effect on the binding of 18S rRNA. Further studies have shown that under oxidative stress, CacyBP/SIP overexpression alters NPM1 distribution in cell nuclei. In addition, staining for a nucleolar marker, fibrillarin, revealed that CacyBP/SIP is indispensable for maintaining the nucleolar structure. These results are in agreement with data obtained by western blot analysis, which show that upon oxidative stress the NPM1 level decreases but that CacyBP/SIP overexpression counteracts the effect of stress. Altogether, our results show for the first time that CacyBP/SIP binds to and affects the properties of a nuclear protein, NPM1, and that it is indispensable for preserving the structure of nucleoli under oxidative stress.
Calcyclin (S100A6) binding protein/Siah‐1 interacting protein (CacyBP/SIP) interacts with nucleophosmin (NPM1) in the cell and in vitro. CacyBP/SIP increases the amount of 28S and 18S rRNA bound to NPM1. CacyBP/SIP affects the NPM1 level and localization in cell nuclei. CacyBP/SIP seems to be indispensable for maintaining the nucleolar structure.
The TATA-box binding protein associated factor 1 (TAF1) protein is a key unit of the transcription factor II D complex that serves a vital function during transcription initiation. Variants of TAF1 ...have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, but TAF1's molecular functions remain elusive. In this study, we present a five-generation family affected with X-linked intellectual disability that co-segregated with a TAF1 c.3568C>T, p.(Arg1190Cys) variant. All affected males presented with intellectual disability and dysmorphic features, while heterozygous females were asymptomatic and had completely skewed X-chromosome inactivation. We investigated the role of TAF1 and its association to neurodevelopment by creating the first complete knockout model of the TAF1 orthologue in zebrafish. A crucial function of human TAF1 during embryogenesis can be inferred from the model, demonstrating that intact taf1 is essential for embryonic development. Transcriptome analysis of taf1 zebrafish knockout revealed enrichment for genes associated with neurodevelopmental processes. In conclusion, we propose that functional TAF1 is essential for embryonic development and specifically neurodevelopmental processes.
CacyBP/SIP, a protein expressed to high extent in the brain, has been shown to act as ERK1/2 phosphatase in vitro and in cultured cells. It has been demonstrated recently that CacyBP/SIP can modulate ...the activity of some transcription factors in neurons and glioma cells. In the present work we have examined the effect of CacyBP/SIP overexpression and silencing on the phosphorylation/activity of ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) and CREB (pCREB) and on the level of BDNF mRNA in differentiated and undifferentiated neuroblastoma NB2a cells. We have shown that in undifferentiated cells the amount of pERK1/2 decreased upon CacyBP/SIP overexpression. Further studies have shown that the activity of CREB and the level of BDNF mRNA, downstream effectors of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, also depended on the CacyBP/SIP level and strictly matched the level of pERK1/2. Interestingly, in differentiated NB2a cells, overexpression of CacyBP/SIP appeared to have a distinct effect on the pERK1/2 level from that observed in undifferentiated cells. Subsequent studies have revealed that distinct function of CacyBP/SIP in undifferentiated and differentiated NB2a cells might be due to changes in its posttranslational modifications and protein ligands. Altogether, our studies suggest that CacyBP/SIP is involved in the ERK1/2-CREB-BDNF pathway and that it might regulate this pathway depending on the stage of NB2a cell differentiation.
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•CacyBP/SIP phosphatase is involved in the ERK1/2-CREB-BDNF pathway in NB2a cells.•Regulation of this pathway by CacyBP/SIP depends on the stage of cell differentiation.•Targets of CacyBP/SIP and its PTMs vary depending on NB2a cell differentiation.
The COVID-19 pandemic reached the United States in early 2020 and spread rapidly across the country. This retrospective study describes the demographic and clinical characteristics of 308 children ...presenting to an Arkansas Children’s emergency department (ED) or admitted to an Arkansas Children’s hospital with COVID-19 in the first 10 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, prior to the emergence of clinically significant variants and available vaccinations. Adolescents aged 13 and older represented the largest proportion of this population. The most common presenting symptoms were fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, and upper respiratory symptoms. Patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) had a longer length of stay (LOS) than patients with acute COVID-19. Children from urban zip codes had lower odds of admission but were more likely to be readmitted after discharge. Nearly twenty percent of the study population incidentally tested positive for COVID-19. Despite lower mortality in children with COVID than in adults, morbidity and resource utilization are significant. With many Arkansas children living in rural areas and therefore far from pediatric hospitals, community hospitals should be prepared to evaluate children presenting with COVID-19 and to determine which children warrant transport to pediatric-specific facilities.
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