We examined how social capital and the power of venture capitalists founder-CEOs affect IPO firm survival. Using data from 218 U.S. initial public offerings conducted in 1992, we found that average ...management team tenure and an IPO deal's network embeddedness decreased the likelihood of failure during a firm's first five years as a public entity. Founder-CEO presence at the time of an IPO interacted with CEO ownership to decrease the likelihood of failure, and CEO ownership and venture capitalist ownership concentration also decreased that likelihood.
Application of next-generation sequencing may lead to the detection of secondary findings (SF) not related to the initially analyzed disease but to other severe medically actionable diseases. ...However, the analysis of SFs is not yet routinely performed. We mined whole-exome sequencing data of 231 pediatric cancer patients and their parents who had been treated in our center for the presence of SFs. By this approach, we identified in 6 children (2.6%) pathogenic germline variants in 5 of the noncancer-related genes on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) SF v3.0 list, of which the majority were related to cardiovascular diseases ( RYR2 , MYBPC3 , KCNQ1 ). Interestingly, only the patient harboring the KCNQ1 variant showed at the time point of the analysis signs of the related Long QT syndrome. Moreover, we report 3 variants of unknown significance which, although not classified as pathogenic, have been reported in the literature to occur in individuals with the respective disease. While the frequency of patients with SFs is low, the impact of such findings on the patients' life is enormous, with regard to the potential prevention of life-threatening diseases. Hence, we are convinced that such actionable SF should be routinely analyzed.
In this paper, we compare the publication outcomes of two teams within a multi-university scientific alliance. Scientists in one team share similar scholarly backgrounds and work in a well ...established paradigm, while scientists in the second team have different backgrounds and work in an emergent discipline. While the alliance has increased the productivity of both teams, this increase was highest for the more heterogeneous team. In addition, while the variety of knowledge concepts employed in their research was initially higher for the heterogeneous team, this gap narrowed over time. We discuss the implications of our research for alliance design.
Objective To evaluate the 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) for healthy Caucasian children and adolescents of a population-based sample from the age of 3 to 18 years. Study design Two hundred and ...eighty boys and 248 girls completed a modified test, using a measuring wheel as incentive device. Results Median 6MWD increased from the age of 3 to 11 years in boys and girls alike and increased further with increasing age in boys (from 667.3 m to 727.6 m), whereas it essentially plateaued in girls (655.8 m to 660.9 m). After adjusting for age, height ( P = .001 in boys and P < .001 in girls) remained independently correlated with the 6MWD. In the best fitting and most efficient linear and quadratic regression models, the variables age and height explained about 49% of the variability of the 6MWD in boys and 50% in girls. Conclusion This modified 6-minute walk test (6MWT) proved to be safe, easy to perform, and highly acceptable to children. It provides a simple and inexpensive means to measure functional exercise capacity in children, even of young age, and might be of value when conducting comparable studies.
Currently, testing for immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization is the cornerstone of diagnostic evaluation in suspected allergic conditions. This review provides a thorough and updated critical ...appraisal of the most frequently used diagnostic tests, both in vivo and in vitro. It discusses skin tests, challenges, and serological and cellular in vitro tests, and provides an overview of indications, advantages and disadvantages of each in conditions such as respiratory, food, venom, drug, and occupational allergy. Skin prick testing remains the first line approach in most instances; the added value of serum specific IgE to whole allergen extracts or components, as well as the role of basophil activation tests, is evaluated. Unproven, non-validated, diagnostic tests are also discussed. Throughout the review, the reader must bear in mind the relevance of differentiating between sensitization and allergy; the latter entails not only allergic sensitization, but also clinically relevant symptoms triggered by the culprit allergen.
In this paper, we compare the publication outcomes of two teams within a multi-university scientific alliance. Scientists in one team share similar scholarly backgrounds and work in a well ...established paradigm, while scientists in the second team have different backgrounds and work in an emergent discipline. While the alliance has increased the productivity of both teams, this increase was highest for the more heterogeneous team. In addition, while the variety of knowledge concepts employed in their research was initially higher for the heterogeneous team, this gap narrowed over time. We discuss the implications of our research for alliance design. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Theories of internal selection view focus on internal social and political contests affecting resource allocation decisions and the selective retention of certain projects or lines of businesses over ...others. While some work within the evolutionary tradition has begun to examine dynamic patterns of change, it has often done so at the level of organizational populations and has emphasized primarily environmental factors in developing theories of externally driven change. In this study, I explore mechanisms of internal selection that affect divestiture of some units over others in the U.S. paper industry from 1983 to 1992. I adopt a network perspective in suggesting that multiunit organizations comprised of horizontally related production units may be conceptualized as a network and the units as network actors. In doing so, I analyze a sample consisting of multiple networks where explanatory measures, including unit and organizational structural measures may vary across time. I find that unit level centrality, based on ties created via interfirm managerial migration, negatively impacts the likelihood of unit divestiture, contingent on other sources of unit power, features of the overall organizational network, and other contextual factors. Several important theoretical implications are discussed.
By applying measurements of the dielectric constants and relative length changes to the dimerized molecular conductor κ-(BEDT-TTF)_{2}Hg(SCN)_{2}Cl, we provide evidence for order-disorder type ...electronic ferroelectricity that is driven by the charge order within the (BEDT-TTF)_{2} dimers and stabilized by a coupling to the anions. According to our density functional theory calculations, this material is characterized by a moderate strength of dimerization. This system thus bridges the gap between strongly dimerized materials, often approximated as dimer-Mott systems at 1/2 filling, and nondimerized or weakly dimerized systems at 1/4 filling, exhibiting a charge order. Our results indicate that intradimer charge degrees of freedom are of particular importance in correlated κ-(BEDT-TTF)_{2}X salts and can create novel states, such as electronically driven multiferroicity or charge-order-induced quasi-one-dimensional spin liquids.
The field dependence and yield of free charge carrier generation in polymer:fullerene blends with varying energetic offsets is not affected when the excitation energy is varied from above band‐gap to ...direct CT state excitation. Instead, the ability of the CT state to split is dictated by the energetic offset between the relaxed CT state and the charge separated (CS) state.
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