A human factors perspective on automated driving Kyriakidis, M.; de Winter, J. C. F.; Stanton, N. ...
Theoretical issues in ergonomics science,
05/2019, Letnik:
20, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Automated driving can fundamentally change road transportation and improve quality of life. However, at present, the role of humans in automated vehicles (AVs) is not clearly established. Interviews ...were conducted in April and May 2015 with 12 expert researchers in the field of human factors (HFs) of automated driving to identify commonalities and distinctive perspectives regarding HF challenges in the development of AVs. The experts indicated that an AV up to SAE Level 4 should inform its driver about the AV's capabilities and operational status, and ensure safety while changing between automated and manual modes. HF research should particularly address interactions between AVs, human drivers and vulnerable road users. Additionally, driver-training programmes may have to be modified to ensure that humans are capable of using AVs. Finally, a reflection on the interviews is provided, showing discordance between the interviewees' statements - which appear to be in line with a long history of HFs research - and the rapid development of automation technology. We expect our perspective to be instrumental for stakeholders involved in AV development and instructive to other parties.
The interweaving of malnutrition and symptoms of anxiety and depression in anorexia Nervosa (AN) is mentioned without any consensus regarding the course of anxious-depressive symptoms in relation to ...nutritional status in the course of treatment of patients with AN. The objectives of the current study in a large sample of AN inpatients were to assess the relationships between anxiety and depression symptoms and nutritional status both over the course of inpatient treatment and at discharge. 222 consecutive inpatients with AN (DSM-IV TR) were assessed (entrance and discharge) for duration of illness, psychiatric treatments, sociodemographic data and with psychometric scales for different psychopathological symptoms depressive (BDI), anxiety and depressive (HAD scale), obsessive-compulsive (MOCI) and social phobia (LSAS fear score). Nutritional status was assessed with Body Mass Index (BMI) and body composition by bioelectrical impedance. The Fat free mass index FFMI = FFM (kg)/height (m
) was considered for the analysis. Two models were developed where the dependent variables were each psychopathological score at discharge (BDI, HAD anxiety, MOCI, and LSAS fear) in the cross-sectional model, and their variation in the longitudinal model (where a positive score reflected symptom decrease at discharge). A fixed set of predictors, defined on presumed clinical and statistical relevance (FFMI in the cross-sectional model and Variation of FFMI in the longitudinal model), were considered in each model, without any model selection procedure. This is the first study to confirm a positive relationship between the course of eating disorder symptoms and that of anxious-depressive symptoms during inpatient treatment of AN even after adjustment on a vast array of possibly confounding factors.
Abstract Objectives In a clinical population, we estimated the frequency of mood disorders among 271 patients suffering from Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN) in comparison to a control ...group matched for age and gender. Method The frequency of mood disorders was measured using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), DSM-IV version. Results Mood disorders were more frequent among eating disorder (ED) patients than among controls, with a global prevalence of the order of 80% for each ED group. The majority of the mood disorders comorbid with ED were depressive disorders (MDD and dysthymia). The relative chronology of onset of these disorders was equivocal, because mood disorders in some cases preceded and in others followed the onset of the eating disorders. Limitations Our sample was characterized by patients with severe ED and high comorbidities, and thus do not represent the entire population of AN or BN. This also may have resulted in an overestimation of prevalence. Conclusion Mood disorders appear significantly more frequently in patients seeking care for ED than in controls. These results have implications for the assessment and treatment of ED patients, and for the aetio-pathogenesis of these disorders.
The first proof of concept in vivo for a new type of microbiota-sensitive film coatings allowing for colon targeting is presented. The efficacy of these polysaccharide barriers to optimize drug ...release for the treatment of inflammation is demonstrated in an experimental colitis model with Wister rats. 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) pellets were prepared by extrusion-spheronization and coated with Nutriose:ethylcellulose (EC) 1:4 or peas starch:ethylcellulose 1:2 blends. The pellets were mixed with standard chow, and the daily drug dose was 150mg/kg. For reasons of comparison, also commercially available Pentasa pellets and placebo pellets were studied. At day 3 after the beginning of the treatment, colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Animals were sacrificed on day 6. Macroscopic and histological evaluations of colitis were performed blindly. In addition, inflammatory markers were evaluated using ELISA and real-time PCR. Rats receiving TNBS and placebo pellets developed a severe colitis in the distal half of the colon. 5-ASA administered in the form of Pentasa pellets reduced macroscopic inflammation by only 5%. In contrast, the colon lesions were much less severe upon treatment with Nutriose:EC- and peas starch:EC-coated pellets: The macroscopic score was reduced by 25 and 24%, respectively. Decreases of 37 and 38% of the histological lesions confirmed the efficacy of these new colon targeting systems. Also, inflammatory markers (MPO, IL-1β mRNA, TNF mRNA) were significantly decreased in rats receiving Nutriose:EC- and peas starch:EC-coated pellets compared to Pentasa pellets. Furthermore, real-time PCR analysis indicated increased activation of the target receptor PPAR-γ and the HMGCS2 gene in rats upon administration of 5-ASA loaded Nutriose:EC- and peas starch:EC pellets compared to the commercial product. Also, HPLC-MS/MS analysis of plasma samples demonstrated that the level of the main metabolite of the drug (N-acetyl-5-ASA) was much lower upon administration of Nutriose:EC or peas starch:EC coated pellets compared to Pentasa pellets, indicating that undesired premature drug release in the upper gastrointestinal tract was more effectively hindered. In addition to the rat study, in vivo imaging of transgenic mice expressing the luciferase gene evidenced much more pronounced PPAR-γ activation upon 5-ASA administration in the form of Nutriose:EC-coated pellets versus Pentasa pellets. All these results clearly demonstrate the superiority of these microbiota-sensitive polysaccharide-based film coatings for colon targeting in vivo.
Abstract Objective We conducted a critical literature review of studies assessing the prevalence of mood disorders (MD) in subjects with eating disorders (ED; anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa). ...In the first part of this article, we discuss methodological issues relevant to comorbidity studies between ED and MD. In the second part, we summarize the findings of these studies in light of the methodological considerations raised. Method A manual computerised search (Medline) was performed for all published studies on comorbidity between ED and MD. In order to have sufficiently homogeneous diagnostic criteria for both categories of disorders, this search was limited to articles published between 1985 and 2006. Results Too few studies include control groups, few studies compared diagnostic subgroups of ED subjects, and results are scarce or conflicting. Discussion The results are discussed in the light of the methodological problems observed. The implications when reviewing the results of published studies and planning future research are set out.
In this work we have compared three analytical techniques (ELISA, GC–MS, and LC–MS) for the analysis of 16 β-blockers: acebutolol, alprenolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, carteolol, labetalol, ...metipranolol, metoprolol, nadolol, oxprenolol, pindolol, propranolol, sotalol, timolol, and bupranolol. Several sample-preparation methods were optimized for each technique and enabled compounds of interest to be extracted from small urine samples (1–2.5
mL). The results enabled us to assess the possibilities and the sensitivity of each technique for application to doping tests. ELISA, whose selectivity is very poor and sensitivity the lowest one, is, nevertheless, useful as a rapid screening method. GC/MS and LC/MS provide confirmation procedures with the identification and quantification of the β-blockers with good sensitivity, accuracy, precision. The LC–MS analytical procedure allows the determination of the target analytes in the lower ng/mL range (0.53–2.23
ng/mL). The methodology was applied to the analysis of β-blockers in different urines.
The high rate of depression among children of depressed mothers is well known. Suggestions that improvement in maternal acute depression has a positive effect on the child have emerged. However, data ...on the mechanisms of change have been sparse. The aim was to understand how remission and relapse in the mother might explain the changes in the child's outcome.
Participants were 76 depressed mothers who entered into a medication clinical trial for depression and 135 of their eligible offspring ages 7-17 years. The mothers and children were assessed at baseline and periodically over 9 months by independent teams to understand the relationship between changes in children's symptoms and functioning and maternal remission or relapse. The main outcome measures were, for mothers, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and, for children, the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Columbia Impairment Scale (CIS), the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) and the Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS).
Maternal remission was associated with a decrease in the child's depressive symptoms. The mother's subsequent relapse was associated with an increase in the child's symptoms over 9 months. The effect of maternal remission on the child's improvement was partially explained by an improvement in the mother's parenting, particularly the change in the mother's ability to listen and talk to her child, but also reflected in her improvement in parental bonding. These findings could not be explained by the child's treatment.
A depressed mother's remission is associated with her improvement in parenting and a decrease in her child's symptoms. Her relapse is associated with an increase in her child's symptoms.
The aim of this work is to study carriers which can become alternatives to monohydrate lactose in dry powder inhalers and to consider particle parameters that influence adhesion between drug and ...carrier in dry powder inhalers.
Different forms of mannitol, lactose and maltitol were mixed with either terbutaline sulphate or formoterol fumarate. The blends were submitted to different adhesion tests where drug detachment from the carrier was obtained either through mechanical vibration or by aspiration. Parameters like particle shape, roughness, amorphous content and cristalline form may affect interactions between drug and carrier. In our case, crystallized forms of the carrier offered lower adhesion but better release of the active ingredient than spray-dried forms. The crystallized mannitol produced maximal fine particle dose. The blends of the mannitols and the two active ingredients gave different results.
The two techniques used to assess the adhesion of drugs to carrier particles provide complementary information about drug/carrier interactions and detachment. The mechanical sieving allows to assess blend stability and the air-jet sieving makes it possible to determine how easily the drug separates from carrier. For the drugs tested, the results of fine particle doses are in agreement with the Alpine air-jet sieve results.
The tests used are helpful for the choice of a new carrier in the field of the development of new carriers for dry powder inhalers.
The aim of this study was to better understand the effects of the curing conditions on the resulting drug release patterns from pellets coated with aqueous polymer dispersions. Diltiazem HCl was used ...as model drug, ethylcellulose as polymer, triethyl citrate (TEC), dibutyl sebacate (DBS), and distilled acetylated monoglycerides (Myvacet) as plasticizers. Interestingly, the effects of the curing conditions strongly depended on the coating level and the type of plasticizer: in the case of TEC, the drug release rate monotonically decreased with increasing harshness of the curing conditions (time, temperature, and relative humidity), irrespective of the coating level. In contrast, in the case of DBS and Myvacet, this type of relationship was only observed at low coating levels (5%). At intermediate coating levels (around 7.5%), the curing conditions had virtually no effect on drug release. At high coating levels (⩾10%), the release rate initially increased and then decreased with increasing harshness of the curing conditions. This more complex behavior might be attributable to the superposition of two competing phenomena: improved film formation and drug migration into the polymeric membrane. Furthermore, it could be shown that the type of plasticizer had a major effect on drug release in not fully coalesced and equilibrated film coatings, whereas the release profiles were similar for all plasticizers in the case of completely formed and equilibrated film coatings. Importantly, the latter systems were stable for long term even during storage under stress conditions.
PDF
