Previous structural neuroimaging studies of bipolar disorder have reported conflicting findings in limbic structures. Medication heterogeneity of patient samples may have contributed to these ...inconsistencies. Using structural magnetic resonance imaging we assessed whether lithium treatment was associated with differences in amygdala and hippocampal volumes in a sample of bipolar adults. A total of 49 magnetic resonance imaging scans were collected from patients who were currently treated with or without lithium. Amygdala and hippocampal volumes were analyzed using tensor-based morphometry. Statistical between-group comparisons of deformation maps showed that patients treated with lithium exhibited significantly increased volumes of the amygdala and hippocampus compared with patients who were not taking lithium. Our findings may help to explain previous inconsistencies in the bipolar literature.
Given the increasing prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder and recent advances in preventative treatments for this disorder, an important challenge in pediatric neuroimaging is the early ...identification of individuals at risk for depression. We examined whether machine learning can be used to predict the onset of depression at the individual level. Thirty-three never-disordered adolescents (10-15 years old) underwent structural MRI. Participants were followed for 5 years to monitor the emergence of clinically significant depressive symptoms. We used support vector machines (SVMs) to test whether baseline cortical thickness could reliably distinguish adolescents who develop depression from adolescents who remained free of any Axis I disorder. Accuracies from subsampled cross-validated classification were used to assess classifier performance. Baseline cortical thickness correctly predicted the future onset of depression with an overall accuracy of 70% (69% sensitivity, 70% specificity; p=0.021). Examination of SVM feature weights indicated that the right medial orbitofrontal, right precentral, left anterior cingulate, and bilateral insular cortex contributed most strongly to this classification. These findings indicate that cortical gray matter structure can predict the subsequent onset of depression. An important direction for future research is to elucidate mechanisms by which these anomalies in gray matter structure increase risk for developing this disorder.
Interaction between the basal ganglia and the cortex plays a critical role in a range of behaviors. Output from the basal ganglia to the cortex is thought to be relayed through the thalamus, but an ...intriguing alternative is that the basal ganglia may directly project to and communicate with the cortex. We explored an efferent projection from the globus pallidus externa (GPe), a key hub in the basal ganglia system, to the cortex of rats and mice. Anterograde and retrograde tracing revealed projections to the frontal premotor cortex, especially the deep projecting layers, originating from GPe neurons that receive axonal inputs from the dorsal striatum. Cre‐dependent anterograde tracing in Vgat‐ires‐cre mice confirmed that the pallidocortical projection is GABAergic, and in vitro optogenetic stimulation in the cortex of these projections produced a fast inhibitory postsynaptic current in targeted cells that was abolished by bicuculline. The pallidocortical projections targeted GABAergic interneurons and, to a lesser extent, pyramidal neurons. This GABAergic pallidocortical pathway directly links the basal ganglia and cortex, and may play a key role in behavior and cognition in normal and disease states.
The globus pallidus externa (GPe) projects directly to the cortex. Tracing and in vivo electrophysiology experiments reveal a direct projection from GABAergic GPe neurons to the premotor frontal cortex.
Continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) is used for renal replacement and fluid management in critically ill children. A previous small study suggested that survival was associated with less ...percent fluid overload (%FO) in the intensive care unit (ICU) before hemofiltration. We reviewed our experience with a large series of pediatric CVVH patients to evaluate factors associated with outcome.
Retrospective chart review.
Tertiary children's hospital.
CVVH pediatric ICU patients from November 1997 to January 2003.
None.
%FO was defined as total fluid input minus output (up to 7 days before CVVH for both hospital stay and ICU stay) divided by body weight. One hundred thirteen patients received CVVH; 69 survived (61%). Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) was present in 103 patients; 59 survived (57%). Median patient age was 9.6 yrs (25th, 75th percentile: 2.5, 14.3). Median %FO was significantly lower in survivors vs. nonsurvivors for all patients (7.8% 2.0, 16.7 vs. 15.1% 4.9, 25.9; p =.02 and in patients with > or =3-organ MODS (9.2% 5.1,16.7 vs. 15.5% 8.3, 28.6; p =.01). The Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score III at CVVH initiation also was associated with survival in these groups, but by multivariate analysis, %FO was independently associated with survival in patients with > or =3-organ MODS (p =.01).
Survival in critically ill children receiving CVVH in this large series was higher than in previous reports. CVVH survival may be associated with less %FO in patients with > or =3-organ MODS. Prospective studies are necessary to determine whether earlier use of CVVH to control fluid overload in critically ill children can improve survival.
China has a long and proud history of world leadership in science and technology, but in the past two centuries it has experienced a period of instability that has challenged that leadership. ...However, since its political consolidation in the middle part of the 20th Century and its subsequent economic reforms, China’s rise in science has been meteoric. This rise was first detected by the scientometric community through its indicators, but it has now become obvious. Indeed in 2017 the question, “Will China come to lead world science?” was becoming to some, “Does China already lead world science?” This paper tries to make the case that the answer is “yes” (or at least “soon”)—but the answer depends on which metrics one considers. China already leads many countries in some measures of GDP, scientific paper production, researchers, plus high technology manufacturing and exports. China also recently passed the European Union in R&D investment. Even in some of those indicators where China has not yet taken the lead, reasonable forecasts predict that it soon will. However, there are some indicators where China is still far behind. For example while rising, it still lags the U.S. and EU in citations in Western publications, and will take years to catch up. Here, these quantitative measures are supplemented by qualitative ones from WTEC assessments and by survey results of scientists and the public, which present a more nuanced conclusion. While Chinese leadership may be difficult for Westerners to accept, it can be viewed as China merely regaining its historical position of leadership in science and technology.
Recently, there has been considerable interest in understanding brain networks in major depressive disorder (MDD). Neural pathways can be tracked in the living brain using diffusion-weighted imaging ...(DWI); graph theory can then be used to study properties of the resulting fiber networks. To date, global abnormalities have not been reported in tractography-based graph metrics in MDD, so we used a machine learning approach based on "support vector machines" to differentiate depressed from healthy individuals based on multiple brain network properties. We also assessed how important specific graph metrics were for this differentiation. Finally, we conducted a local graph analysis to identify abnormal connectivity at specific nodes of the network. We were able to classify depression using whole-brain graph metrics. Small-worldness was the most useful graph metric for classification. The right pars orbitalis, right inferior parietal cortex, and left rostral anterior cingulate all showed abnormal network connectivity in MDD. This is the first use of structural global graph metrics to classify depressed individuals. These findings highlight the importance of future research to understand network properties in depression across imaging modalities, improve classification results, and relate network alterations to psychiatric symptoms, medication, and comorbidities.
Metamorphism along the southern margin of the Archean Superior Province has been historically attributed to the Penokean orogeny. A narrow corridor of amphibolite facies rocks north of the main ...suture does record 1.83–1.80
Ga metamorphic monazite U–Th–Pb ages that mark the culmination of arc accretion. However, subsequent widespread amphibolite facies metamorphism and associated magmatism is recorded along the regions of greatest Penokean crustal thickening: the tectonically buried Archean–Proterozoic continental margin. In Minnesota, new monazite geochronology reveals a profound midcrustal metamorphic imprint caused by emplacement of the ∼1.775
Ga East-central Minnesota batholith at moderate depths. In northern Wisconsin and upper peninsula Michigan metamorphic monazite growth at 1.78–1.745
Ga (and far from geon 17 intrusions) reflect a previously little recognized regional amphibolite facies metamorphic event associated with ca. 1.76
Ga Yavapai-interval accretion, not solely Penokean induced crustal collapse.
South of the Penokean suture, Penokean terrane rocks were twice metamorphosed to upper greenschist facies; first during Yavapai accretion and again during geon 16 Mazatzal accretion. Geon 16 overprinting also affected a small part of the continental margin in the northeast orogen, the Peavy metamorphic node. South-directed basement thrusts there likely accommodated substantial Mazatzal foreland shortening, suggesting thick-skinned deformation. Mazatzal amphibolite facies metamorphism occurred throughout Iowa and southernmost Wisconsin (south of the Baraboo quartzite).
40Ar/
39Ar mineral cooling ages from eastern Wisconsin reveal a limited metamorphic aureole associated with the intrusion of the 1.47
Ga Wolf River batholith, in part reflecting its rapid emplacement at shallow crustal levels. A local area of anomalously young <1.20
Ga
40Ar/
39Ar mica ages away from known Midcontinent Rift exposures probably reflect shallow crustal level reheating during rifting, not exhumation.
The pattern and degree of Proterozoic metamorphism preserved across the northern interior of the North American midcontinent is highly variable and is a reflection of multiple accretionary and intrusive events between 1.87 and 1.47
Ga. Collectively, the geo- and thermochronologic data reveal a progressive tectonic younging toward the south and overall waning of Proterozoic metamorphism in this region. These results demonstrate a changing tectonic environment from active margin to continental interior as Laurentia grew southward and stabilized over a few hundred million years.
To examine the effects of training and implementation of Forecasting Your Future: Nutrition Matters on teachers' self-efficacy to teach nutrition and teachers' nutrition knowledge and explore outcome ...expectations for students.
A mixed-methods study, with Indiana Family and Consumer Sciences high school teachers randomized to control and intervention, was conducted using baseline surveys, implementation of new or usual curriculum, follow-up survey(s), and semistructured interviews. Self-efficacy and knowledge were analyzed by hierarchical linear modeling. Interviews were thematically analyzed using a 5-phase process to identify outcome expectations.
Intervention teachers (n = 17) had greater increases in nutrition knowledge (P = 0.028) and self-efficacy (P = 0.010) compared with controls (n = 18). Interviews revealed that teachers sought to affect students' long-term health by providing knowledge and skills to make healthy choices.
This training with updated curricula and implementation improved theoretical determinants of effective nutrition instruction. Teachers expected student learning will contribute to future eating behaviors.
The biaxial van der Waals semiconductor α‐phase molybdenum trioxide (α‐MoO3) has recently received significant attention due to its ability to support highly anisotropic phonon polaritons ...(PhPs)—infrared (IR) light coupled to lattice vibrations—offering an unprecedented platform for controlling the flow of energy at the nanoscale. However, to fully exploit the extraordinary IR response of this material, an accurate dielectric function is required. Here, the accurate IR dielectric function of α‐MoO3 is reported by modeling far‐field polarized IR reflectance spectra acquired on a single thick flake of this material. Unique to this work, the far‐field model is refined by contrasting the experimental dispersion and damping of PhPs, revealed by polariton interferometry using scattering‐type scanning near‐field optical microscopy (s‐SNOM) on thin flakes of α‐MoO3, with analytical and transfer‐matrix calculations, as well as full‐wave simulations. Through these correlative efforts, exceptional quantitative agreement is attained to both far‐ and near‐field properties for multiple flakes, thus providing strong verification of the accuracy of this model, while offering a novel approach to extracting dielectric functions of nanomaterials. In addition, by employing density functional theory (DFT), insights into the various vibrational states dictating the dielectric function model and the intriguing optical properties of α‐MoO3 are provided.
The IR permittivity of α‐MoO3 is extracted by correlative far‐ and near‐field measurements using FTIR reflectance spectroscopy and s‐SNOM polariton interferometry, thus providing a novel approach to extracting dielectric functions of nanomaterials. Moreover, through density functional theory, insights into the vibrational states dictating such permittivity are revealed.
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