Abstract
We present the localization and host galaxies of one repeating and two apparently nonrepeating fast radio bursts (FRBs). FRB 20180301A was detected and localized with the Karl G. Jansky Very ...Large Array to a star-forming galaxy at
z
= 0.3304. FRB20191228A and FRB20200906A were detected and localized by the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder to host galaxies at
z
= 0.2430 and
z
= 0.3688, respectively. We combine these with 13 other well-localized FRBs in the literature, and analyze the host galaxy properties. We find no significant differences in the host properties of repeating and apparently nonrepeating FRBs. FRB hosts are moderately star forming, with masses slightly offset from the star-forming main sequence. Star formation and low-ionization nuclear emission-line region emission are major sources of ionization in FRB host galaxies, with the former dominant in repeating FRB hosts. FRB hosts do not track stellar mass and star formation as seen in field galaxies (more than 95% confidence). FRBs are rare in massive red galaxies, suggesting that progenitor formation channels are not solely dominated by delayed channels which lag star formation by gigayears. The global properties of FRB hosts are indistinguishable from core-collapse supernovae and short gamma-ray bursts hosts, and the spatial offset (from galaxy centers) of FRBs is mostly inconsistent with that of the Galactic neutron star population (95% confidence). The spatial offsets of FRBs (normalized to the galaxy effective radius) also differ from those of globular clusters in late- and early-type galaxies with 95% confidence.
Age-related distance esotropia (ARDE), is an acquired, small, comitant esodeviation that is greater at distance than at near. It occurs in older adult patients without a history of neurological event ...or prior strabismus. It has been observed more frequently in White adults than in other racial groups. The purpose of this study was to assess the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with ARDE presenting at a tertiary neuro-ophthalmology clinic.
In this retrospective study, ICD-9/10 (ICD-9 378.85 and ICD-10 H51.8) codes were used to identify all patients with ARDE from 2005 to 2020 seen in a single tertiary neuro-ophthalmology clinic. ARDE was defined as esotropia greater at distance than near with associated clinical signs of adnexal tissue laxity. Patients with history or findings compatible with other etiologies of strabismus, such as thyroid eye disease, neuromuscular disorders, sensory deviations, sudden onset of diplopia, and high myopia, as well as those with prior strabismus surgery, were excluded.
A total of 89 patients (59 females 66%) met inclusion criteria. Mean patient age was 76.6 years. All patients were White except for a single patient of African descent. Mean follow-up time was 25.2 months. Mean esodeviation at distance on presentation was 6.6Δ. Of the 87 patients electing nonsurgical treatment, 80 achieved remission of diplopia symptoms with prism therapy alone. Of the 89 patients, 59 had no neuroimaging.
ARDE in our neuro-ophthalmology clinic population was diagnosed almost exclusively in older White adults. Prism therapy was effective for a majority of our patients.
To evaluate the accuracy and safety of oral fluorescein angiography (OFA) in differentiating papilledema from pseudopapilledema in pediatric patients.
Retrospective evaluation of a diagnostic test.
...We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all children ≤18 years of age who presented to the Arkansas Children's Hospital between May 2018 and August 2021 with suspected optic disc (OD) swelling that had OFA and images >30 minutes after oral ingestion. Two masked specialists interpreted the images as either OD leakage, no leakage, or borderline leakage. Optic disc swelling was graded clinically according to the Frisen grading scale (0-5). We compared OFA images to the final clinical diagnosis and calculated the accuracy of the test as follows: (number of eyes correctly identified as papilledema true positive + number of eyes correctly identified as pseudopapilledema true negative) / (total number of eyes) × 100%.
Forty-five patients (90 eyes) were included, 11 patients with papilledema and 34 with pseudopapilledema. The mean age was 14.1 ± 3.5 years; 66.7% were female. The accuracy of OFA was 62% for reviewer 1 and 69% for reviewer 2. No ocular or systemic side effects after OFA were observed. There was substantial agreement (k = 0.779) between both reviewers in grading the OFA images.
OFA cannot definitively distinguish papilledema from pseudopapilledema in children and should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings.
A 34-year-old male presented to the emergency department with a penetrating injury of the left globe and orbit from a Thomas A Swift’s Electric Rifle (TASER ® ) probe. The severity of the globe ...injury precluded primary closure of the globe; a primary evisceration was performed. In this article, we discuss not only the case in detail but also the TASER ® rifle and the literature to support our decision in performing an evisceration rather than an enucleation, which historically has been taught to decrease the risk of sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) in the fellow eye. We are of the opinion, after reviewing the literature, that SO is not an overwhelming reason to choose enucleation over evisceration and that evisceration has an advantage over enucleation with regard to functional and cosmetic outcomes.
To raise awareness of ophthalmologists that Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) retinitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of retinitis that presents with features of progressive outer ...retinal necrosis (PORN) in healthy immunocompetent patients.
Case 1 is a 39-year-old healthy Caucasian male who presented after one week of decreased vision in the left eye. Patient was found to have optic disc edema and multifocal retinitis primarily localized to the posterior pole with only a few lesions in the periphery and minimal vitritis. Viral PCR of a vitreous tap was positive for 1 million copies of VZV. Patient ultimately progressed to no light perception vision despite multiple intravitreal injections of foscarnet and several days of intravenous acyclovir therapy. Case 2 is another 39-year-old healthy Caucasian male that presented after 2 weeks of decreased vision in the left eye. On initial exam by his primary ophthalmologist, patient was found to have optic disc edema and multifocal retinitis primarily localized to the posterior pole with no peripheral lesions and no vitritis. The patient then presented to our clinic with extensive retinitis throughout the posterior pole and periphery, and he underwent a vitreous tap with viral PCR positive for 3160 copies of VZV. He was treated with intravitreal injections of foscarnet and intravenous acyclovir therapy with subtle progression to the right eye and only minimal improvement of left eye vision to 20/200.
Progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) is a herpetic retinopathy characterized by rapidly progressive necrosis of the outer retina in severely immunocompromised subjects. As demonstrated in this case series, VZV retinitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with hallmark features of PORN, even in the absence of obvious systemic immunosuppression.
We describe results from IMmotion150, a randomized phase 2 study of atezolizumab (anti-PD-L1) alone or combined with bevacizumab (anti-VEGF) versus sunitinib in 305 patients with treatment-naive ...metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Co-primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) in intent-to-treat and PD-L1+ populations. Intent-to-treat PFS hazard ratios for atezolizumab + bevacizumab or atezolizumab monotherapy versus sunitinib were 1.0 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.69-1.45) and 1.19 (95% CI, 0.82-1.71), respectively; PD-L1+ PFS hazard ratios were 0.64 (95% CI, 0.38-1.08) and 1.03 (95% CI, 0.63-1.67), respectively. Exploratory biomarker analyses indicated that tumor mutation and neoantigen burden were not associated with PFS. Angiogenesis, T-effector/IFN-γ response, and myeloid inflammatory gene expression signatures were strongly and differentially associated with PFS within and across the treatments. These molecular profiles suggest that prediction of outcomes with anti-VEGF and immunotherapy may be possible and offer mechanistic insights into how blocking VEGF may overcome resistance to immune checkpoint blockade.
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