This paper breaks new ground by revealing and conceptualizing the marketization of science as a process that transforms scientific discoveries and markets through a series of choreographed ...contestations: moments of valuation that occur when different social worlds collide. We follow a scientific discovery, from the moment it entered an incubator, to uncover how valuation practices and market devices enact and contest diverse social values (i.e., what is worth doing) to generate economic value (i.e., what is worth paying for) at the science‐market‐entrepreneurship nexus. In contrast with commercialization of science studies that focus on institutional arrangements, this study explicates the practices and devices used by multiple market actors to transform a scientific discovery into a marketable object. In so doing, we characterise choreographed contestations and the mechanisms through which they operate to explain how specific valuations are performed to work out innovative next steps that unfold the marketization of science.
This paper focuses on the adaption challenge that confronts the top management team (TMT) of science incubators in situations of substantial technological uncertainty. To do that, we draw on the ...three‐year longitudinal analysis of a major bioscience catalyst in the United Kingdom. Through the lens of ‘prospective sensemaking’, we follow the TMT as they work with stakeholders in their ecosystem to make sense of a significant technological shift: the convergence of life sciences, IT and other sciences in the health care environment. Our analysis reveals how prospective sensemaking resulted in the launch of a new strategy to exploit these emerging opportunities. However, stakeholders’ increasingly fragmented interpretation of the term convergence and the anticipation of legitimacy challenges in the wider ecosystem resulted in the repositioning of the incubator. Our findings contribute to extant research on science incubation. In particular, the paper sheds light on the complex interactions of incubator TMT’s with stakeholders in situations of technological change and uncertainty. Moreover, responding to technological change does not only affect the structural conditions of an incubator. Rather, it may also require changes to the positioning of the incubator in order to maintain legitimacy in the wider ecosystem. The paper also suggests managerial as well as policy‐level implications.
ObjectiveTo understand the most significant aspects of care experienced by people in opioid substitution treatment (OST) in primary care settings.DesignSemistructured individual interviews were ...conducted, following the critical incidents technique. Interview transcripts were analysed following a thematic analysis approach.ParticipantsAdults aged 18 years or older, receiving OST in UK-based primary care services.ResultsTwenty-four people in OST were interviewed between January and March 2019. Participants reported several aspects which were significant for their treatment, when engaging with the primary care service. These were grouped into 10 major themes: (1) humanised care; (2) individual bond/connection with the professional; (3) professionals’ experience and knowledge; (4) having holistic care; (5) familiarity; (6) professionals’ commitment and availability to help; (7) anonymity; (8) location; (9) collaborative teamwork; and (10) flexibility and changes around the treatment plan.ConclusionsThis study included first-hand accounts of people who use drugs about what supports them in their recovery journey. The key lessons learnt from our findings indicate that people who use drugs value receiving treatment in humanised and destigmatised environments. We also learnt that a good relationship with primary care professionals supports their recovery journey, and that treatment plans should be flexible, tailor-made and collaboratively designed with patients.
Summary The emergence of whole genome sequencing (WGS) technologies as primary research tools has allowed for the detection of genetic diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with unprecedented ...resolution. WGS has been used to address a broad range of topics, including the dynamics of evolution, transmission and treatment. Here, we have analyzed 55 publically available genomes to reconstruct the phylogeny of Mtb, and we have addressed complications that arise during the analysis of publically available WGS data. Additionally, we have reviewed the application of WGS to the study of Mtb and discuss those areas still to be addressed, moving from global (phylogeography), to local (transmission chains and circulating strain diversity), to the single patient (clonal heterogeneity) and to the bacterium itself (evolutionary studies). Finally, we discuss the current WGS approaches, their strengths and limitations.
This paper focuses on capability development in temporary organizations. Prior research in such organizations problematizes but does not explicitly address the cognitive foundations of capability ...development, particularly with regard to actors’ interpretation of organizational purpose, resources and capabilities. Drawing on the recent advances in research on the micro‐foundations of capability development, we present an in‐depth, longitudinal study of the run up to a large‐scale fundraising event. We propose a process model of capability development in temporary organizations that delineates how managerial cognition affects the accumulation of resources as well as the eventual assembly of organization level capabilities. This process model complements existing research on capability development in temporary organizations and provides new insights into the evolution of temporary organizations over time.
Background
There is a high prevalence of health problems among single people who are homeless. Specialist primary health care services for this population have been developed in several locations ...across England; however, there have been very few evaluations of these services.
Objectives
This study evaluated the work of different models of primary health care provision in England to determine their effectiveness in engaging people who are homeless in health care and in providing continuity of care for long-term conditions. It concerned single people (not families or couples with dependent children) staying in hostels, other temporary accommodation or on the streets. The influence on outcomes of contextual factors and mechanisms (service delivery factors), including integration with other services, were examined. Data from medical records were collated on participants’ use of health care and social care services over 12 months, and costs were calculated.
Design and setting
The evaluation involved four existing Health Service Models: (1) health centres primarily for people who are homeless (Dedicated Centres), (2) Mobile Teams providing health care in hostels and day centres, (3) Specialist GPs providing some services exclusively for patients who are homeless and (4) Usual Care GPs providing no special services for people who are homeless (as a comparison). Two Case Study Sites were recruited for each of the specialist models, and four for the Usual Care GP model.
Participants
People who had been homeless during the previous 12 months were recruited as ‘case study participants’; they were interviewed at baseline and at 4 and 8 months, and information was collected about their circumstances and their health and service use in the preceding 4 months. Overall, 363 participants were recruited; medical records were obtained for 349 participants. Interviews were conducted with 65 Case Study Site staff and sessional workers, and 81 service providers and stakeholders.
Results
The primary outcome was the extent of health screening for body mass index, mental health, alcohol use, tuberculosis, smoking and hepatitis A among participants, and evidence of an intervention if a problem was identified. There were no overall differences in screening between the models apart from Mobile Teams, which scored considerably lower. Dedicated Centres and Specialist GPs were more successful in providing continuity of care for participants with depression and alcohol and drug problems. Service use and costs were significantly higher for Dedicated Centre participants and lower for Usual Care GP participants. Participants and staff welcomed flexible and tailored approaches to care, and related services being available in the same building. Across all models, dental needs were unaddressed and staff reported poor availability of mental health services.
Limitations
There were difficulties recruiting mainstream general practices for the Usual Care GP model. Medical records could not be accessed for 14 participants of this model.
Conclusions
Participant characteristics, contextual factors and mechanisms were influential in determining outcomes. Overall, outcomes for Dedicated Centres and for one of the Specialist GP sites were relatively favourable. They had dedicated staff for patients who were homeless, ‘drop-in’ services, on-site mental health and substance misuse services, and worked closely with hospitals and homelessness sector services.
Funding
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (HSDR 13/156/03) and will be published in full in
Health and Social Care Delivery Research
; Vol. 11, No. 16. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
We present thermopower S and resistance R measurements on GaAs-based mesoscopic two-dimensional electron gases as functions of the electron density ns. At high ns we observe good agreement between ...the measured S and SMOTT, the Mott prediction for a non-interacting metal. As ns is lowered, we observe a crossover from Mott-like behaviour to that where S shows strong oscillations and even sign changes. Remarkably, there are absolutely no features in R corresponding to those in S. In fact, R is devoid of even any universal conductance fluctuations. A statistical analysis of the thermopower oscillations from two devices of dissimilar dimensions suggest a universal nature of the oscillations. We critically examine whether they can be mesoscopic fluctuations of the kind described by Lesovik and Khmelnitskii (1988 Sov. Phys. JETP 67 957).
Finite element analysis is conducted on a tooth model with different degrees of wear. The model is taken as a hemispherical shell (enamel) on a compliant interior (dentin). Occlusal loading is ...simulated by contact with a flat or curved, hard or soft, indenter. Stress redistributions indicate that development of a wear facet may enhance some near-contact fracture modes (cone–ring cracks, radial–median cracks, edge-chipping), but have little effect on far-field modes (margin cracks). Contacts on worn surfaces with small, hard food objects are likely to be most deleterious, generating local stress concentrations and thereby accelerating the wear process. More typical contacts with larger-scale soft foods are unlikely to have such adverse effects. Implications concerning dietary habits of animals is an adjunct consideration in this work.
Much has been written on the 1917–1920 revolution in Ukraine, on the national movement, the Makhnovists and the Bolsheviks. Yet there were others with a mass following whose role has faded from ...history books. One such party was the Borotbisty, the heirs of the mass Ukrainian Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries, an independent party seeking to achieve national liberation and social emancipation. Though widely known in revolutionary Europe in their day, the Borotbisty were decimated during the Stalinist holocaust in Ukraine.
Out of print for over half a century, this lost text by Ivan Maistrenko, the last survivor of the Borotbisty, provides a unique account on this party and its historical role. Part memoir and part history, this is a thought-provoking book which challenges previous approaches to the revolution and shows how events in Ukraine decided the fate not only of the Russian Revolution but the upheavals in Europe at the time.
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