Nowadays, the observed trend in road materials technology covers the study of environmentally-friendly modifiers. Therefore, the possibility of modifying bitumen with chitosan and its mixtures with ...epichlorohydrin was evaluated. The studies were carried out for four different percentages of biopolymer (1.0%, 2.5%, 4.0% and 5.5%) and two percentages (1% and 2%) of crosslinking agents and included the assessment of their influence on the basic binder properties, surface free energy parameters and chemical structure. The results indicate that the appropriately selected quantitative chitosan/epichlorohydrin ratio leads to their crosslinking inside the bitumen causing a softening effect. The study also shows the possible benefits of using biopolymer-modified binders in the production of asphalt mixtures by the enhancement of surface-free energy parameters and reduction of the dynamic viscosity. Chitosan is an environmentally-friendly biodegradable biopolymer, and its chemical crosslinking has a positive effect on the properties of modified bitumen.
•MCM-41 has been synthesized from pulverized coal fly ash and rice husk ash.•Obtained MCM-41 has been impregnated by polyethyleneimine (PEI) for CO2 capture.•At the maximum 60 Wt.% PEI loading even ...90% of the equilibrium uptake was obtained.
The mesoporous silicate molecular sieve, MCM-41, has been synthesized from pulverized coal fly ash (PFA), where the silicate filtrate used is a by-product from hydrothermal zeolite production. Rice husk ash was also used for comparison but fusion with sodium hydroxide was used to prepare the silicate filtrate, along similar lines to earlier reports of using PFA as a precursor for MCM-41 synthesis. The MCM-41 samples are chemically and mineralogically similar to a commercially available sample, but with higher pore volumes dominated by mesopores (0.92–1.13 cf. 0.88 cm3 g−1). After polyethyleneimine (PEI) impregnation for CO2 capture, the ash derived MCM-41 samples displayed higher uptakes than the commercial sample with the maximum achievable PEI loading of 60 Wt.% PEI (dry basis) before particle agglomeration occurs, approximately 13 compared to 11 Wt.%, respectively, the latter being comparable to earlier reports in the literature. The PFA sample that displays the fastest kinetics to achieve 90% of the equilibrium uptake had the largest mesopore volume of 1.13 cm3 g−1. Given the PFA-derived MCM-41 uses a waste silicate solution for hydrothermal preparation and no prior preparation is needed, production costs are estimated to be considerable lower where silicate solutions need to be prepared by base treatment, even if ash is used, as for the RHA derived MCM-41 used here.
Most of the information on soil aggregation and porosity comes from studies of natural soil in which the effects of the different constituents that form the structure overlap. The aim of this ...research was to study the effects of these constituents separately on well‐characterized artificial aggregates in order to understand them better. To do this, the pore system of model silt aggregates, amended with different amounts of humic acids, iron and aluminium hydroxides or colloidal silica, was investigated at three levels of magnification with water vapour desorption (nanometre sizes), mercury intrusion (micrometre sizes) and microtomography (tens of micrometres). Humic acid and aluminium hydroxide increased aggregate porosities measured by all methods. An increase in porosity with increasing additions of each constituent was indicated only by water desorption. We did not observe any well‐defined trends in the dynamics of average pore radii. The pore surface fractal dimension determined by mercury intrusion was negatively correlated with that measured by water desorption. The pore system in granular media comprises larger voids joined by narrower necks; therefore, we attempted to relate their sizes with a novel approach that combined microtomography with mercury intrusion and extrusion data. We observed a decrease in the size of pore necks that give access to voids of the same sizes with increasing additions of all constituents. With additions of humic acid this effect was the smallest. The mercury intrusion data showed the formation of separate concretions of iron hydroxides and silica in silt aggregates.
The preliminary stage of asphalt mixture production involves the drying and dedusting of coarse aggregates. The most common types of coarse aggregates used are limestone and basalt. In the process of ...drying and dedusting the dryer filter accumulates large quantities of waste in the form of mineral powder. This paper introduces an investigation into limestone powder waste as a potential microfiller of polymer composites. Physical characteristics such as the granulation the of powder collected from the filter - in terms of the season of its collection and the type of input materials used - were analysed. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for the investigation described within this paper. The obtained results were compared against those of other materials which can be used as polymer composites microfillers.
Three different methods were used to obtain Bi
Ti
FeO
ceramics, i.e. solid-state sintering, mechanical activation (MA) with subsequent thermal treatment, and electrical discharge assisted mechanical ...milling (EDAMM). The structure and magnetic properties of produced Bi
Ti
FeO
samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The purest Bi
Ti
FeO
ceramics was obtained by standard solid-state sintering method. Mechanical milling methods are attractive because the Bi
Ti
FeO
compound may be formed at lower temperature or without subsequent thermal treatment. In the case of EDAMM process also the time of processing is significantly shorter in comparison with solid-state sintering method. As revealed by Mössbauer spectroscopy, at room temperature the Bi
Ti
FeO
ceramics produced by various methods is in paramagnetic state.
Very low energy-consuming procedure is proposed for synthesis of zeolitic materials from fly ash. Three different zeolite materials (X, P and S), rich in zeolite phases, Na–X (FAU), NaP1 (GIS) and ...sodalite (SOD) were produced from F-class fly ash, using NaOH and NaCl solutions under atmospheric pressure at temperature below 110
°C.
Obtained zeolitic products were analysed for their composition and physicochemical properties then compared to the raw fly ash and commercial adsorbents. The zeolitization results in a significant increase of CEC (from 5.5 up to 239
meq
100
g
−
1
), and the high ability to adsorb heavy metal ions (over 40
mg
g
−
1
) and retain complex and organic molecules (EGME), mostly evident for material X. Adsorptive purification of waste and working lubricating oils using zeolitic products allow to provide their commercial applications in petroleum industry. Leachability of toxic elements after standard post-reaction washing is environmentally safe.
The paper presents a study of the propagation and interaction of weakly nonlinear plane waves in isotropic and transversely isotropic media. It begins with a definition of stored energy functions of ...considered hyperelastic models. The equation of elastodynamics as well as the first-order quasilinear hyperbolic system for plane waves are provided. The eigensystem for this system is determined to study three-wave interaction coefficients. The main part of the paper concerns a discussion of these coefficients. Applying the weakly nonlinear asymptotics method, it is shown that in the case of transverse isotropy the inviscid Burgers’ equation describes an evolution of a single quasi-shear wave. The result contradicts the case of isotropy, where the equation with quadratic nonlinearity cannot describe any shear wave propagation. The paper ends with an example of numerical solutions for the obtained evolution equation.
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