Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) is the European programme to establish a European capacity for Earth Observation. GMES is designed to provide European policy makers and public ...authorities with accurate and timely information to better manage the environment, understand and mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure civil security. Sentinel-3 is an Earth observation satellite mission specifically designed for GMES to ensure the long-term collection and operational delivery of high-quality measurements to GMES ocean, land, and atmospheric services, while contributing to the GMES, emergency and security services. Key Sentinel-3 measurement requirements, corresponding to identified GMES user needs, have been derived as follows:•Sea surface topography (SSH), significant wave height (Hs) and surface wind speed derived over the global ocean to an equivalent accuracy and precision as that presently achieved by ENVISAT Radar Altimeter-2 (RA-2) but with enhanced surface topography measurements in the coastal zone, sea ice regions and over inland rivers, their tributaries and lakes.•Sea surface temperature (SST) determined for oceanic and coastal waters globally to an equivalent accuracy and precision as that presently achieved by the ENVISAT Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) over the ocean (i.e. <0.3K), at a spatial resolution of 1km.•Visible, and Short-Wave Infrared radiances for oceanic, inland and coastal waters at a spatial resolution of 0.3km (simultaneously and co-registered with SST measurements), determined to an equivalent level of accuracy and precision as ENVISAT Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer with complete ocean coverage in 2–3days.•Visible and infrared radiances over global land-surfaces in 1–2days, sea-ice and ice-sheets equivalent to those currently provided from ENVISAT MERIS, AATSR and Système Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) Vegetation.
The Sentinel-3 mission addresses these requirements by implementing and operating:•A dual frequency, Synthetic Aperture Radar Altimeter (SRAL) instrument supported by a dual frequency passive microwave radiometer (MWR) for wet-tropospheric correction, a Precise Orbit Determination package including a GPS receiver, a DORIS instrument and a laser retro-reflector.•A highly sensitive Ocean and Land Colour Imager (OLCI) delivering multi-channel wide-swath optical measurements for ocean and land surfaces.•A dual-view Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) delivering accurate surface ocean, land, and ice temperature.•A collaborative ground segment providing management of the mission, management, development, production and access to core data products in an operational near real time delivery context.
The mission foresees a series of satellites, each having 7-year lifetime, over a 20-year period starting with the launch of Sentinel-3A in late 2013 and of Sentinel-3B in late 2014. During full operations two identical satellites will be maintained in the same orbit with a phase delay of 180°.
This paper provides an overview of the GMES Sentinel-3 mission including the mission background and user requirements, a technical description of the space segment, a brief overview of the ground segment concept, and a summary description of Sentinel-3 data products and their anticipated performance.
► A new satellite mission called Sentinel-3 dedicated to oceanography is described. ► A technical overview of the Sentinel-3 instrument payload is presented. ► A summary of the Sentinel-3 ground segment and operations concept is presented. ► A summary of products derived from Sentinel-3 payload instruments is presented.
SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography) is a spectrometer designed to measure sunlight transmitted, reflected, and scattered by the earth's atmosphere or ...surface in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelength region (240-2380 nm) at moderate spectral resolution (0.2-1.5 nm, lambda/Deltalambda == 1000-10 000). SCIAMACHY will measure the earthshine radiance in limb and nadir viewing geometries and solar or lunar light transmitted through the atmosphere observed in occultation.
SLSTR is a high accuracy infrared radiometer which will be embarked in the Earth low-orbit Sentinel 3 operational GMES mission. SLSTR is an improved version of the previous AATSR and ATSR-1/2 ...instruments which have flown respectively on Envisat and ERS-1/2 ESA missions. SLSTR will provide data continuity with respect to these previous missions but with a substantial improvement due to its higher swaths (750 km in dual view and 1400 km in single view) which should permit global coverage of SST and LST measurements (at 1 km of spatial resolution in IR channels) with daily revisit time, useful for climatological and meteorological applications. Two more SWIR channels and a higher spatial resolution in the VIS/SWIR channels (0.5 km) are also implemented for a better clouds/aerosols screening. Two further additional channels for global scale fire monitoring are present at the same time as the other nominal channels.
Vertical profiles of stratospheric bromine monoxide (BrO) in the 15–30 km range are retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb scatter data over the globe. First validation comparisons with the balloon‐borne ...SAOZ‐BrO and LPMA/DOAS instruments indicate retrieval biases of ∼20% or less. Propagated spectral fitting uncertainties lead to a precision approaching ∼25% on a 2 km grid at 25 km. This worsens at higher altitudes because of reduced signal and at lower altitudes because of the reduced penetrability of the atmosphere. In terms of volume mixing ratio (VMR), the single profile precision increases from ∼4 pptv at 17 km to ∼8 pptv at 27 km. Repeatability, an alternative indicator of precision, is 2–3 pptv for SCIAMACHY retrievals and independent of altitude. The BrO stratospheric number density peak generally lies 5 ± 2 km above the tropopause. In the tropics, the stratospheric BrO VMR generally increases with increasing altitude. The observed stratospheric BrO global distribution is generally consistent with previous balloon measurements but does not agree well with results of a model that uses Bry inferred only from the observed breakdown of long‐lived bromoalkanes (i.e., methyl bromide and halons). We find best agreement with the observed vertical and latitudinal distribution of BrO for model results that include an 8.4 ± 2 pptv contribution to stratospheric Bry, most of which is expected from the breakdown of VSL (very short lived) bromocarbons, in addition to the ∼16 pptv contribution from longer‐lived sources. This suggests that stratospheric Bry exceeds 20 pptv. Profiles of Bry profiles derived from the balloon measurements of BrO also suggest Bry is in excess of 20 pptv, but the uncertainty and variability of these results do not allow us to definitively rule out this concentration. We find typical BrO VMRs of ∼4 pptv at 15 km in the tropical tropopause layer, suggesting that a significant portion of the bromine from VSL bromoalkane sources may be carried across the tropopause in the form of inorganic decomposition products. We discuss a variety of VSL bromocarbons species that may be contributing to the elevated concentrations of stratospheric BrO.
Atmospheric trace gas sounding with SCIAMACHY Noël, S.; Burrows, J.P.; Bovensmann, H. ...
Advances in space research,
2000, 2000-1-00, 20000101, Letnik:
26, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric CHartographY) is a contribution to the ENVISAT-1 satellite, which is to be launched in late 2000. The SCIAMACHY instrument is ...designed to measure sunlight transmitted, reflected and scattered by the Earth's atmosphere or surface. The instrument measures simultaneously from the UV to the NIR spectral spectral region (240 – 2380 nm). Observations are made in alternate nadir and limb viewing geometries and also for solar sunrise and lunar moonrise occultation. Inversion of the SCIAMACHY measurements will provide the following: the amount and distributions of some important trace gases O
3, BrO, OClO, ClO, SO
2, H
2CO, NO
2, CO, CO
2, CH
4, H
2O, N
2O, p, T, aerosol, and radiation flux profiles, cloud cover and cloud top height. Combination of the near simultaneous limb and nadir observations enables the tropospheric column amounts of O
3, NO
2, CO, CH
4, H
2O, N
2O, SO
2, and H
2CO to be detected. SCIAMACHY will provide new insight into the global behaviour of the troposphere and the stratosphere.
The Sentinel-3 (S3) mission is developed as part of the Copernicus Space Component (CSC) Programme to fulfil the space-based observation requirements in response to European policy priorities with a ...particular emphasis on the Copernicus core services as identified by the Commission.
Global atmospheric monitoring with SCIAMACHY Noël, S; Bovensmann, H; Burrows, J.P ...
Physics and chemistry of the earth. Part C, Solar-terrestrial and planetary science,
1999, 1999-1-00, 19990101, Letnik:
24, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectrometer for Atmospheric CHartographY) is a space based spectrometer designed to measure sunlight transmitted, reflected and scattered by the Earth ...atmosphere or surface. It is a contribution to the Envisat-1 satellite to be launched in late 1999.
SCIAMACHY measurements will provide amounts and distribution of 03, BrO, OCl0, ClO, S02, H2CO, N02, CO, CO2, CH4, H2O, N20, pressure, temperature, aerosol, radiation, cloud cover and cloud top height from atmospheric measurements in nadir, limb and occultation geometry.
By the combination of the near simultaneous limb and nadir observations SCIAMACHY is one of a limited number of instruments which is able to detect tropospheric column amounts of 03, N02, CO, CH4, H2O, N20, S02, H2CO, and BrO down to the planetary boundary layer under cloud free conditions.
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