In 1789, as the Bounty was sailing through the western Pacific Ocean on its return voyage with a cargo of Tahitian plants, disgruntled crewmen seized control of the ship from their captain. The ...mutineers set their captain and the 18 men who remained loyal to him adrift in one of the ship's boats, with minimal food supplied and navigational aids, and only four cutlasses for weapons. Alan Frost looks past these common narrative structures to shed new light on what truly happened during the infamous expedition. Reviewing previous accounts and explanations of the voyage and subsequent mutiny, and placing it within a broader historical context, Frost investigates the mayhem, mutiny and mythology of the Bounty.
In 1789, as the Bounty was sailing through the western Pacific Ocean on its return voyage with a cargo of Tahitian plants, disgruntled crewmen seized control of the ship from their captain. The ...mutineers set their captain and the 18 men who remained loyal to him adrift in one of the ship’s boats, with minimal food supplied and navigational aids, and only four cutlasses for weapons.
Member characteristics and social processes that determine influence in problem-solving groups were examined. University students completed a non-eureka intellective task-the Desert Survival ...Situation-both individually and in small groups. LEVEL-adjusted correlations and EQS structural modeling revealed that the extent of talking was predicted by dominance and confidence, but not actual expertise. Perceived expertise was most closely predicted by the extent of talking. Perceived expertise mediated the relation between talking and influence. Groups attempted to base decisions on expertise, but were not proficient at recognizing expertise. Additional analyses, which examined the impact of 8 influence tactics, indicated that the tactics of reason and autocracy predicted perceived expertise. Group performance was related to level of member expertise and recognition of expertise.
Conclusion Frost, Alan
Mutiny, Mayhem, Mythology,
09/2018
Book Chapter
As I said at the outset, if it had succeeded,Bounty’s voyage would most likely have soon faded into a scarcely remembered past. The idea of bringing breadfruit to the West India islands so as to ...provide a cheap food for slaves had been mooted for decades; and in 1787, wishing to see the planters increasing the production of cotton so as to provide Britain’s rapidly expanding capacity to manufacture cloths with raw materials, imperial planners decided to implement it.
However, even as the expedition proceeded, this scheme was being superseded by a much grander one. For, having in mind
Introduction Frost, Alan
Mutiny, Mayhem, Mythology,
09/2018
Book Chapter
In itself,Bountywas not a noteworthy ship. Built as a merchantman, it was small, being some 91 feet long and 24 feet 4 inches at its widest (around 28 x 7 metres), of some 215 tons (195 tonnes) ...burden,¹ with a designated crew of forty-five. (In the event, it carried forty-four when it sailed, for one of those entered on its books was a ‘Widow’s Man’, whose pay went to the support of destitute wives of dead seamen.) It was therefore not large enough to be commanded by a senior officer or to have a separate purser. The Admiralty
There are few stem cells in human peripheral blood (PB). Increasing the population and plasticity of stem cells in PB and applying it to regenerative medicine require suitable culture methods. In ...this study, leukocyte populations 250 mL of PB were collected using a blood separator before that were cultured in optimal cell culture medium for 4 to 7 days. After culturing, stemness characteristics were analyzed, and red blood cells were removed from the cultured cells. In our results, stemness markers of the leukocyte populations Sca-1+ CD45+, CD117+ CD45+, and very small embryonic-like stem cells CD34+ Lin- CD45- and CXCR4+ Lin- CD45- were significantly increased. Furthermore, the expression of stem cell genes OCT4 (POU5F1), NANOG, SOX2, and the self-renewal gene TERT was analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in these cells, and it showed a significant increase. These cells could be candidates for multi-potential cells and were further induced using trans-differentiation culture methods. These cells showed multiple differentiation potentials for osteocytes, nerve cells, cardiomyocytes, and hepatocytes. These results indicate that appropriate culture methods can be applied to increase expression of pluripotent genes and plasticity. Leukocytes of human PB can be induced to trans-differentiate into pluripotent potential cells, which will be an important breakthrough in regenerative medicine.
It is often difficult to measure and predict the impacts of toxic chemicals, such as herbicides, on natural communities. This is especially true under conditions of spray drift when the amount ...received by the organisms downwind from the sprayer may be at sub-lethal doses. Laboratory experiments are either artificial, or have not been generally carried out over long enough time periods, to be realistic. Field experiments are often difficult because of the high variability inherent in natural populations. Here an intermediate microcosm approach was used, where standardized artificial communities (eight dicotyledons with and without a grass) were tested. The artifical communities included species typical of British woodland margins, hedgerows and field margins; communities with a high conservation interest, yet potentially under threat from spray drift. The microcosms were placed downwind of a sprayer and exposed to one of the following herbicides: glyphosate, mecoprop and MCPA. This approach ensures that the communities were standardized at the start and have been exposed to realistic doses of herbicide. The experiments reported here were carried out for at least three years with exposures to herbicides repeated each year. The effects of differential herbicide exposure downwind of the sprayer were measured on species yield, flowering performance, seed production, seed viability and invasion by new species. Responses were extremely variable, but all species showed some effects in some years. Some patterns emerged. For example, one group of species appeared to be more successful near to the sprayer. This was particularly true of the grass when exposed to MCPA and mecoprop. The performance of most species was reduced under the sprayer, and there was a general recovery with increasing distance downwind. A few species showed increased performance in the intermediate downwind zone (2–4 m) and this may be due to a hormonal effect on growth processes, or an effect of reduced interference from other community members. Generally, there were few effects on seed production or seed viability. An important result was that most effects were confined within an 8 m zone, as there were few significant differences between plants exposed at 8 m and those untreated. Although damaging effects were found in the immediate downwind zone from the sprayer, the restriction of effects to 8 m suggests that a buffer zone of this size would be adequate to protect sensitive habitats from most deleterious impacts on community processes.
In experimental fowl cholera, the intramuscular inoculation of
Pasteurella multocida induces tissue damage that implies proteolytic or cytolytic activity of the bacteria. Such activity could not be ...demonstrated by conventional in vitro tests. The treatment of
P. multocida strain VP21 with Tween-80 yielded an extract that lysed washed chicken red cells. Extracts were active to a maximum titre of 64. Haemolytic activity of the extract was neither affected by boiling nor by extremes of pH, indicating the active component was not a simple protein. Treatment with trypsin had no effect, but it was inactivated by Proteinase K. Yields were highest from bacteria grown in dextrose starch- or casein sucrose-yeast broths; were similar if cultured in air or anaerobically, but were reduced if the bacteria were grown in 5% CO
2. Haemolytic activity was eliminated on exposure to serum or serum albumen. The extract from strain VP21 haemolysed red cells from the chicken, rabbit, sheep, horse, bovine and human, with the highest titres observed on chicken cells. Six other avian strains and seven out of 10 strains of
P. multocida from other species yielded an extract which haemolysed chicken red cells. The elaboration of this cytotoxic substance in vivo and its role in pathogenesis remains to be determined.
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