Issue Title: Special Issue: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation of Colobine Monkeys Unlike other catarrhines, colobines show early molar eruption relative to that of the anterior dentition. The ...pattern is variable, with Asian genera (Presbytina) showing a greater variability than the African genera (Colobina). The polarity of early relative molar eruption, as well as the degree to which it is related to phylogeny, are unclear. Schultz (1935) suggested that the trend reflects phylogeny and is primitive for catarrhines. More recently, however, researchers have proposed that life history and dietary hypotheses account for early relative molar eruption. If the colobine eruption pattern is primitive for catarrhines, it implies that cercopithecines and hominoids converged on delayed relative molar eruption. Alternatively, if the colobine condition is derived, factors such as diet and mortality patterns probably shaped colobine eruption patterns. Here we update our knowledge on eruption sequences of living colobines, and explore the evolutionary history of the colobine dental eruption pattern by examining fossil colobine taxa from Eurasia (Mesopithecus) and Africa (Kuseracolobus aramisi and Colobus sp.) and the basal cercopithecoid Victoriapithecus macinnesi. We scored specimens per Harvati (2000). The Late Miocene-Early Pliocene Mesopithecus erupts the second molar early relative to the incisors, while the Early Pliocene Kuseracolobus aramisi does not. These results demonstrate that the common colobine tendency for early molar eruption relative to the anterior dentition had appeared by the Late Miocene, and that some of the diversity observed among living colobines was already established in the Late Miocene/Early Pliocene. We discuss the implications of these results for phylogenetic, life history, and dietary hypotheses of dental development.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Serological assays to determine HIV incidence have contributed to estimates of HIV incidence, monitoring of HIV spread, and evaluation of prevention strategies. Two frequently used incidence assays ...are the Sedia HIV-1 LAg-Avidity EIA (LAg) and the Bio-Rad avidity incidence (BRAI) assays with a mean duration of recent infection (MDRI) of 130 and 240 days for subtype B infections, respectively. Little is known about how these assays perform with recombinant HIV-1 strains. We evaluated the concordance of these assays in a population infected mainly with HIV-1 CRF06_cpx.
Remnant serum samples (n = 288) collected from confirmed, newly-diagnosed HIV-positive persons from Estonia in 2013 were tested. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from clinical databases. LAg was performed according to the manufacturer's protocol and BRAI testing was done using a validated protocol. Samples with LAg-pending or BRAI-invalid results were reclassified as recent if they were from persons with viral loads <1000 copies/mL or were reclassified as long-term if presenting with AIDS.
In total 325 new HIV infections were diagnosed in 2013 in Estonia. Of those 276 persons were tested with both LAg and BRAI. Using assay results only, the recency rate was 44% and 70% by LAg and BRAI, respectively. The majority of samples (92%) recent by LAg were recent by BRAI. Similarly, 89% of samples long-term by BRAI were long-term by LAg. After clinical information was included in the analysis, the recency rate was 44% and 62% for LAg and BRAI, respectively. The majority of samples (86%) recent by LAg were recent by BRAI and 91% of long-term infections by BRAI were long-term by LAg.
Comparison of LAg and BRAI results in this mostly CRF06_cpx-infected population showed good concordance for incidence classification. Our finding of a higher recency rate with BRAI in this population is likely related to the longer MDRI for this assay.
Most studies on hepatitis C virus (HCV)/HIV-coinfection do not account for the order and duration of these two infections. We aimed to assess the effect of incident HCV infection, and its timing ...relative to HIV seroconversion (HIVsc) in HIV-positive MSM on their subsequent CD4+ T-cell count and HIV RNA viral load trajectories.
We included MSM with well estimated dates of HIVsc from 17 cohorts within the CASCADE Collaboration. HCV-coinfected MSM were matched to as many HIV monoinfected MSM as possible by HIV-infection duration and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) use. We used multilevel random-effects models stratified by cART use to assess differences in CD4+ cell count and HIV RNA viral load trajectories by HCV-coinfection status.
We matched 214 (ART-naive) and 147 (on cART) HCV-coinfected MSM to 5384 and 3954, respectively, matched controls. The timing of HCV seroconversion (HCVsc) relative to HIVsc had no demonstrable effect on HIV RNA viral load or CD4+ cell count trajectories. In the first 2-3 years following HCVsc CD4 cell counts were lower among HCV-coinfected MSM, but became comparable with HIV monoinfected MSM thereafter. In ART-naive MSM, during the first 2 years after HCVsc, HIV RNA viral load levels were lower or comparable with HIV monoinfected, tending to be higher thereafter. In MSM on cART, HCV had no significant effect on having a detectable HIV RNA viral load.
Irrespective of the duration of HIV infection when HCV is acquired, CD4+ cell counts were temporarily lower following HCVsc, even when on cART. The clinical implications of our findings remain to be further elucidated.
Differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry have been used to compare the dehydration and dehydroxylation behaviour of a series of nontronites including two newly discovered nontronites from ...Uley, South Australia. A comparison is made with the thermal behaviour of ferruginous smectite. Three dehydration endotherms were found at around 60°C, 100°C and 160°C. A strong dehydroxylation endotherm for all samples was found at ∼430°C. The nontronites from Hohen-Hagen and Garfield show well-defined steps for dehydroxylation whereas the two Uley nontronites showed continuous dehydroxylation. The intensities of the infrared spectra of the hydroxyl-stretching region showed excellent correlation with the nontronite dehydroxylation endotherms. The infrared spectra of the water bending region showed two bands centred at ∼1630 and 1670
cm
−1. These bands are attributed to adsorbed water and coordinated water.
The kinetics of rehydration of potassium acetate-intercalated halloysite are slow as determined by X-ray diffraction. Compared with the rehydration of potassium acetate-intercalated kaolinite where ...rehydration takes 20 min, the rehydration of the halloysite–intercalation complex takes 4 h. X-ray diffraction shows the halloysite with an initial d(001) spacing of 7.13 Å expands to 13.97 Å with the insertion of the potassium acetate through intercalation. Upon heating to 250°C, two expanded phases with d(001) spacings of 11.84 and 9.80 Å are observed which upon cooling to 25°C become 11.72 and 8.98 Å. Upon exposure to air, multiple expanded phases are observed. The molecular structure of the potassium acetate-intercalated halloysite during cooling from 250°C and upon rehydration has also been studied using Raman microscopy. Raman spectroscopy shows that although the halloysites have been completely expanded, intercalation is incomplete as evidenced by the intensity of the inner surface hydroxyl band at 3695 cm−1. Thermal treatment shifts the band attributed to the inner hydroxyl at 3620 cm−1 to 3632 cm−1 at 250°C, which upon cooling returns to the starting frequency. The interaction between the acetate and the inner surface hydroxyls is observed by the hydroxyl stretching frequency of 3605 cm−1. Upon dehydration the band shifts to 3599 cm−1. The observation of multiple expanded phases of halloysite during rehydration is strongly supported by the changes in the bands associated with the inserting acetate ion. Two C–C and two C=O stretching vibrations are observed. It is proposed that the acetate inserts into the halloysite layers with two different molecular structures.
There are a total of 16 fossil cercopithecid specimens, representing at least 10 individuals, from the Chiwondo Beds of northern Malawi. The majority of this material is derived from the Middle ...Pliocene Unit 3A, but one specimen is from the Early Pliocene Unit 2. This latter specimen is from a papionin of indeterminate genus similar in size to
Parapapio ado and
Pliopapio alemui. Among the specimens from Unit 3A, two species can be diagnosed: an indeterminate species of
Theropithecus, and a species of
Parapapio similar in dental size to
P.
broomi
. Neither of the genera from Unit 3A are exclusive to either East Africa or South Africa. Their relative abundances, however, are more similar to Middle Pliocene South African sites where
Parapapio is the most common primate genus, and
Theropithecus is comparatively rare. This is in contrast to similarly-aged East African sites where
Theropithecus is by far the most abundant genus.
Seize restes de Cercopithecidae fossiles représentant au moins dix individus ont été récoltés dans les Chiwondo Beds au nord du Malawi. Une grande partie de ce matériel provient de l’Unité 3A du Pliocène moyen, et un spécimen a été découvert dans l’Unité 2 du Pliocène ancien. Ce dernier appartient à un genre indéterminé de Papionini, similaire en taille au
Parapapio ado et
Pliopapio alemui. Parmi les restes récoltés dans l’Unité 3A, on trouve une espèce indéterminée de
Theropithecus et une espèce de
Parapapio dont les dents sont proches en taille de celles de
P.
broomi.
Aucun des genres signalés dans l’Unité 3A n’est exclusif à l’Afrique orientale ou à l’Afrique australe. Leurs abondances relatives rappellent cependant ce que l’on observe dans les sites sud-africains du Pliocène moyen où
Parapapio est le genre le mieux représenté et
Theropithecus le plus rare, contrastant ainsi fortement avec les sites est-africains où les théropithèques sont de loin les plus nombreux.
The tridecameric aluminum polymer AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)127+ was prepared by forced hydrolysis of Al3+ up to an OH/Al molar ratio of 2.2. Upon addition of sulfate the tridecamer crystallised as the ...monoclinic basic aluminum sulfate Na0.1AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12(SO4)3.55. These crystals have been studied using Raman microscopy at 300 and 77 K and compared to Na2SO4·xH2O and Al2(SO4)3·xH2O. The Raman spectrum of basic aluminum sulfate is dominated by two broad bands, which are assigned to the ν2 and ν4SO42− triplets at 446, 459 and 496 cm−1 and 572, 614 and 630 cm−1. The ν1 is observed as a single band at 990 cm−1, partly overlapped by the ν3 triplet at 979, 1009 and 1053 cm−1 of the sulfate group in the Al13 sulfate structure. Furthermore the band at 726 cm−1 is assigned to an Al–O mode of the polymerised Al–O–Al bonds in the Al13 Keggin structure. For the first time the OH-stretching region of the basic aluminum sulfate has been reported. The 77 K spectrum shows the presence of 3 crystal water bands at 3035, 3138 and 3256 cm−1 accompanied by 3 Al–H2O bands at 3354, 3418 and 3498 cm−1 and 4 Al-OH bands at 3533, 3584, 3671 and 3697 cm−1.
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