Cladistic biogeography is an evolutionary biogeographic approach that infers area relationships by comparing area cladograms derived from different phylogenetic hypotheses. The South American ...freshwater ichthyofauna is enriched by an extraordinary number of marine-derived lineages, presenting its own phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns. Here, we performed a Brooks Parsimony Analysis (BPA) with the latest phylogenetic proposals for Anablepidae to compare hypotheses about the historical relationships among areas previously recognized based on fish species from the Neotropical region. We found that the area relationships for Anablepidae are in accordance with the pattern evidenced for other marine-derived lineages. The general area cladogram obtained shows a three-area relationship pattern, where freshwater is the sister group of Pacific + Atlantic marine areas. Within the freshwater clade, Southern Brazil + Uruguay River basin and Northwestern Argentina + Midwestern Argentina form two clades. Vicariance, dispersal, and extinction events related to Miocene and Quaternary marine transgressions and ancient connections between the Iguaçu and Upper Uruguay River basins supported the historical relationships among areas proposed here. Our results may be applied to patterns shown by other marine-derived lineages, as well as other freshwater organisms not necessarily having marine origins.
As políticas públicas tem um papel fundamental na agricultura familiar do semiárido nordestino brasileiro, sendo uma forma de atuação do Estado para garantir o aporte necessário ao fomento dessas ...famílias. Entretanto, algumas dessas políticas são ineficientes por não considerarem as demandas sistêmicas dos agricultores, tornando-se assim um instrumento teórico válido, mas módico na prática. Objetivou-se avaliar as seguintes políticas públicas para a agricultura familiar no semiárido nordestino brasileiro: PRONAF, PNAPO, Luz para todos, Programa Cisternas e ATER, comparando-se os investimentos dessas políticas com alguns dados apontados no Censo Agro 2017. Observou-se que essas políticas públicas aplicadas nos estabelecimentos rurais da região, embora no geral tenham aumentado os investimentos nas últimas décadas, são ainda insuficientes, principalmente quando se constata uma baixa produção orgânica, quase ausência de assistência técnica nas propriedades, não universalização de energia elétrica, pouco acesso à irrigação e exclusão de grande parte dos agricultores a financiamento governamental, além de uma alta taxa de analfabetismo. Conclui-se então que esse quadro pode resultar em impactos negativos na renda das famílias, ocasionando insegurança alimentar, êxodo rural, movimento pendular bem como na perda do sentido de ruralidade e autossuficiência dos agricultores.
Brazilian biodiversity is being target of many scientific efforts to preserve it. However, there is an enormous contradiction in the country between what is discussed in scientific theory and what ...government measures are actually doing in practice. In this work, we discuss Brazil's conservationist aspirations under a human and social aspect, which the scientific view of natural scientists seldom explores: the historical materialist conception. From this analysis, we argue that current scientific efforts are important, but merely palliative, because at the heart of capitalist society the logic of value precedes any political decision making of the state. Therefore, the analysis of Brazilian biodiversity conservation under the premises of historical materialism elucidates with more clarity the forces that are at play in the country to inform the practice of conservation. This is a way of understanding the relatively ineffective role that science and technology has had in the permanent control of environmental destruction in Brazil.
Abstract Characidium xavante was described from two tributaries of the Culuene River drainage, in the upper Xingu River basin. New samplings recorded the species for streams from the Kaaiapó River ...drainage (Teles Pires River drainage, upper Tapajós River basin) with additional specimens also recorded in the Xingu River basin, Paranatinga municipality, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The new records represent an extension of the geographical distribution of the species, that from now on fits in a pattern of distribution known to be shared with other ca. 20 species of fishes. We suggest that Characidium xavante could be classified as Least Concern (LC), according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Standards and Petitions Committee (IUCN).
Aim Non-native fish species have been closely related to serious damage to aquatic biodiversity due to their negative effects on native fauna. We aim to report the first and alarming occurrence of ...the non-native catfish “jaú” Zungaro jahu in the Iguaçu River basin above the Iguaçu Falls, a high-endemism Neotropical ecoregion for fish. Methods Fish samplings were taken with a bottom gill net in the Segredo Reservoir, where they were anesthetized in benzocaine hydrochloride and fixed in formaldehyde in the field, later identified in the laboratory and housed at the Museu de História Natural do Capão da Imbuia (MHNCI). Results Our recent samplings in the Iguaçu River basin recorded one non-native individual of the catfish “jaú” Zungaro jahu in the Segredo Reservoir. Conclusions We mainly intend to alarm about the risk of expansion of the occurrence of this non-native species throughout the cascading reservoirs in the Iguaçu River where it could potentially develop serious damage to the trophic chain, predation of small-sized endemic species, and competition, especially in the sites where the endemic and endangered pimelodid “surubim-do-iguaçu” (Steindachneridion melanodermatum) maintains viable populations, currently restricted to the Lower Iguaçu River basin exhibiting recent signs of a population bottleneck.
Resumo: Objetivo Espécies de peixes não nativas têm sido intimamente relacionadas aos sérios danos à biodiversidade aquática devido aos efeitos negativos sobre a fauna nativa. Nosso objetivo é relatar a primeira e alarmante ocorrência do bagre não nativo “jaú” Zungaro jahu na bacia do rio Iguaçu acima das Cataratas do Iguaçu, uma ecorregião neotropical com alto endemismo de peixes. Métodos As amostragens dos peixes foram realizadas com rede de emalhar de fundo no Reservatório de Segredo, onde foram anestesiados em cloridrato de benzocaína e fixados em formol em campo, posteriormente foram identificados em laboratório e depositados no Museu de História Natural do Capão da Imbuia (MHNCI). Resultados Nossas amostragens recentes na bacia do rio Iguaçu registraram um indivíduo não nativo do bagre “jaú” Zungaro jahu no Reservatório de Segredo. Conclusões Pretendemos, principalmente, alertar sobre o risco de expansão da ocorrência desta espécie não nativa ao longo da cascata de reservatórios do rio Iguaçu, onde potencialmente poderá desenvolver sérios danos à cadeia trófica, predação de espécies endêmicas de pequeno porte e competição, especialmente nos locais onde o pimelodídeo endêmico e ameaçado de extinção “surubim-do-iguaçu” (Steindachneridion melanodermatum) mantém populações viáveis, atualmente restrita à bacia do Baixo rio Iguaçu, exibindo sinais recentes do efeito de gargalo.
Recent sampling on fish from the headwaters of the Jordão and Areia rivers, combined with collection databases and specialized literature reports, yielded the first species inventory. Both basins ...reflect the high endemism rate associated with the Iguaçu River. However, four species previously thought to be restricted to the Jordão River basin are now known to also occur in the basin of the Areia River: Astyanax jordanensis Vera Alcaraz, Pavanelli & Bertaco, 2009; Characidiumtravassosi Melo, Buckup & Oyakawa, 2016; Jenynsia diphyes Lucinda, Ghedotti & Graça, 2006; and Trichomycterus igobi Wosiacki & de Pinna, 2008. This suggests an ancestral connection between the tributaries of the Jordão and Areia rivers, with putative drainage rearrangements resulting from the uplift of the Serra da Esperança. The endemic fauna of this region is presently threatened by invasive species, the construction of dams, and other human activities.
The Rio Pitangueira and the Ribeirão Santa Terezinha are right margin affluents of the Rio do Peixe, upper Rio Paraná basin, São Paulo state, Brazil. Fourteen non-temporally standardized samplings ...were made at four sampling sites along the Rio Pitangueira and at one sampling site on Ribeirão Santa Terezinha using cast nets, trawl net, hand net, and fishing rod and hook. Thirty fish species were collected, belonging to five orders, 13 families, and 25 genera. Of these, one is probably new to science and one is a rare species.
Social jetlag is associated with several negative health outcomes, but its impact on asthma control has not been previously investigated. Although impaired sleep is common in asthma, studies on the ...relationship between sleep quality, social jetlag and asthma control in adolescents are scarce.
To investigate the relationship between asthma control and sleep quality, sleep-wake pattern and excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents.
This was a cross-sectional study of 1457 Brazilian high-school adolescents. Asthma was identified using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire, and disease control was measured by the Asthma Control Test. Sleep-wake pattern and social jetlag were assessed by the Munich Chrono-Type Questionnaire; sleep quality, by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; and daytime sleepiness, by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.
Asthma was present in 250 (17.2%) participants and was classified as uncontrolled in 120 (47.9%). Both uncontrolled and controlled asthma groups, compared with non-asthmatics, had worse sleep quality (81.7% vs 77.4% vs 56.5%; p < 0.001) and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS: 56.2% vs 56.5% vs 39.2%; p < 0.001). On average, adolescents with uncontrolled asthma, compared to non-asthmatics, showed later sleep onset (mean ± SD: 23:54pm ± 1 h:45min vs 23:20pm ± 1 h:27min; p = 0.002) and shorter sleep duration (5.7 h ± 1.8 h vs 6.3 h ± 1.4 h; p = 0.002) on school days. No significant difference in social jetlag was found among the three groups.
Asthma is associated with EDS and poor-quality sleep in adolescents. Social jetlag is common in these subjects and is not related to the presence and control of asthma.
•Both controlled and uncontrolled asthma are associated with poor sleep and EDS in urban high school adolescents.•The present results provide no evidence of an association between social jetlag and asthma control.•It is important to take into account to relationship between sleep and asthma when caring for adolescents with this disease.
Objetivo: Caracterizar a multifuncionalidade da agricultura familiar nos assentamentos rurais Fazenda Boa Vista e Brejinho, em Campo Maior, Piauí. Referencial Teórico: A agricultura familiar nos ...assentamentos rurais é multifuncional por ensejar quatro dimensões: socioeconômica, tecido social e cultural, segurança alimentar e preservação dos recursos naturais. A caracterização dessas dimensões permite compreender o território, promovendo debates que podem contribuir na construção de políticas públicas de desenvolvimento. Método: Foram realizadas pesquisas de campo, com coleta e análise de dados mediante visitas técnicas, turnês-guiadas e aplicação de formulários semiestruturados com 56 famílias, em 56 lotes. Resultados e conclusões: A agricultura familiar multifuncional nos assentamentos Fazenda Boa Vista e Brejinho, embora possibilite práticas culturais e técnicas sustentáveis, não garante a segurança alimentar e nem a renda principal dos assentados, carecendo de apoio mais eficiente das políticas públicas, em especial de assistência técnica. Também foram constatados impactos ambientais nos territórios, como desmatamento e queima do lixo. Implicações da Pesquisa: A caracterização multifuncional da agricultura familiar adotada se mostrou profícua, possibilitando a avaliação sistêmica dos assentamentos rurais, o qual pode auxiliar nas políticas públicas de gestão desses assentamentos. Originalidade/valor: O método de caracterização baseado na multifuncionalidade da agricultura familiar permite uma análise social, econômica e ambiental detalhada dos assentamentos rurais, podendo ainda ser adotado em pesquisas similares.
Purporse: Characterize the multifunctionality of family farming in the rural settlements Fazenda Boa Vista and Brejinho, in Campo Maior, Piauí. Theoretical Framework: Family farming in rural settlements is multifunctional as it involves four dimensions: socioeconomic, social and cultural cohesion, food security and preservation of natural resources. The characterization of these dimensions allows us to understand the territory, promoting debates that can contribute to the construction of public development policies. Methods: Field research was carried out, with data collection and analysis through technical visits, guided tours and application of semi-structured forms with 56 families in 56 lots. Results and conclusions: Multifunctional family farming in the Fazenda Boa Vista and Brejinho settlements, although it enables sustainable cultural and technical practices, does not guarantee food security or the main income of the settlers, requiring more efficient support from public policies, especially technical assistance. Environmental impacts were also found in the territories, such as deforestation and burning of garbage. Research implications: The multifunctional characterization of family farming adopted proved to be fruitful, enabling the systemic assessment of rural settlements, which can assist in public policies for managing these settlements. Originality/value: The characterization method based on the multifunctionality of family farming allows a detailed social, economic and environmental analysis of rural settlements and can also be adopted in similar research.
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