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•The kinetic characteristics of microalgal growth were experimentally investigated.•The optimum light intensity and DIC concentration of C. vulgaris were determined.•Mathematical ...models for microalgae growth and CO2 biofixation rate were established.•The models consider the coupled effects of light intensity and dissolved inorganic carbon.
Understanding and optimizing the microalgae growth process is an essential prerequisite for effective CO2 capture using microalgae in photobioreactors. In this study, the kinetic characteristics of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris growth in response to light intensity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration were investigated. The greatest values of maximum biomass concentration (Xmax) and maximum specific growth rate (μmax) were obtained as 2.303gL−1 and 0.078h−1, respectively, at a light intensity of 120μmolm−2s−1 and DIC concentration of 17mM. Based on the results, mathematical models describing the coupled effects of light intensity and DIC concentration on microalgae growth and CO2 biofixation are proposed. The models are able to predict the temporal evolution of C. vulgaris growth and CO2 biofixation rates from lag to stationary phases. Verification experiments confirmed that the model predictions agreed well with the experimental results.
FMRP is a selective mRNA-binding protein that regulates protein synthesis at synapses, and its loss may lead to the impairment of trace fear memory. Previously, we found that FMRP levels in the ...hippocampus of rats with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were decreased. However, the mechanism underlying these changes remains unclear.
Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. The experimental groups were treated with the single-prolonged stress (SPS) procedure and injected with a lentivirus-mediated inhibitor of miR-142-5p. Behavior test as well as morphology and molecular biology experiments were performed to detect the effect of miR-142 downregulation on PTSD, which was further verified by in vitro experiments.
We found that silence of miRNA-142 (miR-142), an upstream regulator of FMRP, could alleviate PTSD-like behaviors of rats exposed to the SPS paradigm. MiR-142 silence not only decreased the levels of proinflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, but also increased the expressive levels of synaptic proteins including PSD95 and synapsin I in the hippocampus, which was one of the key brain regions associated with PTSD. We further detected that miR-142 silence also downregulated the transportation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) into the nuclei of neurons and might further affect the morphology of neurons.
The results revealed miR-142 downregulation could alleviate PTSD-like behaviors through attenuating neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of SPS rats by binding to FMRP.
Microalgae is an alternative feedstock for biofuel production and has been considered to be a potential biotechnology. However, the systems for industrial biofuel production from microalgae are still ...costly and unsuitable. In addition, the complex and changeable processes contained in different bioenergy conversion systems make it difficult to reasonably compare these systems. This study aim to obtain an optimal microalgae-based industrial system using life-cycle assessment, and to unify the uncertainties caused by the discrepancies of each process. Two types of bioenergy conversion systems were modelled and compared: (1) transesterification, hydrothermal liquefaction, and pyrolysis for renewable diesel production and (2) anaerobic digestion without/with hydrothermal pretreatment for biogas production. The life-cycle impacts of these systems were quantified in terms of net energy ratios (NERs) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The results show that anaerobic digestion system with hydrothermal pretreatment is more industrially feasible and eco-friendly at the industrial scale due to its low NER (0.71) and GHG emissions −60.84 g CO2−eq (MJ biogas)−1.
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•A life-cycle assessment of biofuel production from microalgae was performed.•Five different bioenergy conversion systems were compared in terms of NER and GWP.•The AD system with pretreatment achieved the optimal overall net energy income.•Sensitivity analysis of processes in the conversion systems were conducted.
The anterior flange height of the current femoral component increases with an increasing distal femoral anteroposterior dimension. During total knee arthroplasty (TKA), we have observed that a large ...femur may have a thinner anterior condyle, whereas a small femur may have a thicker anterior condyle. The first purpose of this study was to examine whether the femoral anterior condyle height decreases as the distal femoral anteroposterior size increases and whether gender differences exist in anterior condyle height.
A total of 1218 knees undergoing TKA intraoperative and computed tomography scans from 303 healthy knees were used to measure the anterior lateral condylar height (ALCH), anterior medial condylar height (AMCH), and the lateral anteroposterior (LAP) and medial anteroposterior (MAP) dimensions of distal femurs. The LAP and MAP measurements were used for adjustments to determine whether gender differences exist in anterior condyle heights. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine correlations between ALCH and LAP or between AMCH and MAP.
There were significant differences between males and females in ALCH in both the CT and TKA groups and AMCH in the CT group (all P<0.01). After adjusting for LAP and MAP, there were significant gender differences in the lateral and medial condylar heights in both groups (P<0.01). There were significant negative correlations between ALCH and LAP values and between AMCH and MAP values in both CT and TKA measurements, with the LAP and MAP values increasing as ALCH and AMCH decreased.
The results demonstrate that femoral anterior condylar height decreased with increasing anteroposterior dimension in both the medial and lateral condyle. In addition, this study also showed that anterior condylar heights are highly variable, with gender differences. The data may provide an important reference for designing femoral anterior flange thickness to precisely match the natural anterior condylar anatomy.
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•Kinetic characteristics of microalgae in different phases were investigated.•Three-stage cultivation strategy was proposed to stepwise control culture conditions.•The optimum ...condition for each phase of microalgae cultivation was obtained.•Microalgae lipid productivity was significantly improved to 163.42 mg/L/d.
To comprehensively understand kinetic characteristics of microalgae growth and lipid synthesis in different phases, a phase-feeding strategy was proposed to simultaneously regulate light, carbon and nutrients in adaption, growth and stationary phases of microalgae cultivation. Physiological-phased kinetic characteristics of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris growth and lipid synthesis under synergistic effects of light, carbon and nutrients were investigated, and supply-demand relationships of electrons and energy between light and dark reactions of photosynthesis process were discussed. Finally, the optimized cultivation strategy for microalgae in various phases were obtained, under which the lipid productivity was significantly improved from 130.11 mg/L/d to 163.42 mg/L/d. The study provided some important guidance for the large-scale production of biofuels from microalgae.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder that may lead to a series of changes in the central nervous system, including impaired synaptic plasticity, neuronal dendritic spine ...loss, enhanced apoptosis and increased inflammation. However, the specific mechanism of PTSD has not been studied clearly. In the present study, we found that the level of miR-153-3p in the hippocampus of rats exposed tosingle-prolonged stresss (SPS) was upregulated, but its downstream target σ-1R showed a significant decrease. The downregulation of miR-153 could alleviate the PTSD-like behaviors in the rats exposed to SPS, and this effect might be related to the upregulation of σ-1R and PSD95. Furthermore, anti-miR-153 could also increase the dendritic spine density and reduce cell apoptosis in the hippocampus of SPS rats. In addition, we showed that the mTOR signaling pathway might be involved in the regulation of σ-1R in the hippocampus of rats exposed to SPS. The results of this study indicated that miR-153 might alleviate PTSD-like behaviors by regulating cell morphology and reducing cell apoptosis in the hippocampus of rats exposed to SPS by targeting σ-1R, which might be related to the mTOR signaling pathway.
•The level of miR-153 was upregulated in the hippocampus of rats exposed to SPS procedure, while the level of sigma-1R was downregulated.•Anti-miR-153 injection alleviated PTSD-like behaviors and this effect might be related to the upregulation of PSD95, the decreased level of apoptosis, and the increased density of dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons.•The effect of anti-miR-153 on neurons might be related to its target gene sigma-1R, which activates mTOR signal pathway.
Lupeol, one of the common components from the fruits and natural foods, has been reported to exert antitumor activities in many human cancer cell lines; however, its effects on osteosarcoma cell ...metastasis were not elucidated. In the present study, lupeol at 10-25 μM induced cell morphological changes and decreased total viable cell number in U-2 OS cells. Lupeol (5-15 μM) suppressed cell mobility, migration, and invasion by wound healing and transwell chamber assays, respectively. Lupeol inhibited the activities of MMP-2 and -9 in U-2 OS cells by gelatin zymography assay. Lupeol significantly decreased PI3K, pAKT, β-catenin, and increased GSK3β. Furthermore, lupeol decreased the expressions of Ras, p-Raf-1, p-p38, and β-catenin. Lupeol also decreased uPA, MMP-2, MMP-9, and N-cadherin but increased VE-cadherin in U-2 OS cells. Based on these observations, we suggest that lupeol can be used in anti-metastasis of human osteosarcoma cells in the future.
Decellularization is the process by which cells are discharged from tissues/organs, but all of the essential cues for cell preservation and homeostasis are retained in a three-dimensional structure ...of the organ and its extracellular matrix components. During tissue decellularization, maintenance of the native ultrastructure and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is extremely acceptable. For recellularization, the scaffold/matrix is seeded with cells, the final goal being to form a practical organ. In this review, we focus on the biological properties of the ECM that remains when a variety of decellularization methods are used, comparing recellularization technologies, including bioreactor expansion for perfusion-based bioartificial organs, and we discuss cell sources. In the future, decellularization–recellularization procedures may solve the problem of organ assembly on demand.
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•An annular PBR with ion-exchange-membranes was proposed.•The proposed PBR could realize non-touch microalgae cultivation with wastewater.•The PBR was widely applicable for various ...un-pretreated wastewater.•Microalgae biomass and nutrients removal were greatly enhanced.
To eliminate the negative impacts of pollutants in wastewater (such as suspended solids, excess N, P, heavy metals) on microalgae growth, an annular ion-exchange-membrane photobioreactor (IEM-PBR) was proposed in this study. The IEM-PBR could avoid direct mixing of algae cells with wastewater by separating them into two chambers. In the IEM-PBR, the nutrients (mainly N and P) in wastewater continuously permeated into microalgae cultures through the ion-exchange-membrane for microalgae growth, while the pollutants hardly permeated into microalgae cultures. Three types of representative wastewater were investigated to evaluate the performance of the IEM-PBR. When cultivated with wastewater containing excess nutrients, high turbidity and excess heavy metals, microalgae biomass concentrations were significantly improved from 2.34, 2.15 and 0gL−1 in the traditional PBR to 4.24, 3.13 and 2.04gL−1 in the IEM-PBR. Correspondingly, the removal efficiencies of N and P in wastewater were also greatly improved by using the IEM-PBR.
Fragile X-related protein 1 (FXR1) is a member of the fragile X family of RNA-binding proteins, which regulates a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders such as fragile X syndrome, and ...is expected as a novel therapeutic target for some psychiatric diseases. However, it is unknown how FXR1 changes and functions in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a common mental disorder related to trauma and stressor. In this study, we characterized the expression pattern of FXR1 in the pathophysiological process of PTSD and further investigated the possible mechanism underlying these changes by finding an upstream regulator, namely miRNA-132 (miR-132). Furthermore, we verified whether miR-132 silence had an effect on the PTSD-like behaviors of single prolonged stress (SPS) rats through open field test, forced swimming test, and water maze test. At last, we examined the expression levels of PSD95 and synapsin I in the hippocampus, which was one of the key brain regions associated with PTSD. We showed that the levels of FXR1 and fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an autosomal homolog of FXR1, were decreased in the hippocampus of PTSD rats, but the levels of PSD95 and synapsin I were increased, which could be reversed by downregulation of miR-132. The results revealed that miR-132 could modulate PTSD-like behaviors in rats following SPS through regulating FXR1 and FMRP.
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