ABSTRACT Among weed control methods, chemical control using herbicides is one of the most widely employed due to its practicality and efficiency. However, there is still a lack of reliable ...information regarding the effectiveness of low-volume spraying and the droplet spectrum for contact herbicides, such as fomesafen. The objective was to determine the spray volume and droplet spectrum for applying the fomesafen herbicide and its efficacy in controlling hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa) and littlebell (Ipomoea triloba). The herbicide was applied using a CO2-pressurized knapsack sprayer with TT11002 spray tip spaced at 0.50 m, operating at pressures of 100 kPa (very coarse droplets) and 400 kPa (medium-sized droplets) with spray volumes of 35, 70, 140, and 280 L ha-1, obtained by varying the application speed. At the time of application, the percentage of covered area and droplet density (droplets cm-²) were evaluated on water-sensitive paper labels using the DropScope® program. The best control results for hairy beggarticks were achieved when the application was performed with very coarse droplets at a pressure of 100 kPa, with a spray volume between 65 and 280 L ha-1, droplet density exceeding 60 droplets cm-2, and coverage greater than 10%. Fomesafen does not provide effective control of littlebell.
RESUMO Dentre os métodos de controle de plantas daninhas, o químico, por meio de herbicidas, é um dos mais utilizados devido à sua praticidade e eficiência. No entanto, ainda faltam informações confiáveis sobre a eficácia de aplicações em baixo volume e o espectro de gotas a ser utilizado para herbicidas de contato, como o fomesafen. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o volume de calda e espectro de gotas para aplicação do herbicida fomesafen, bem como a eficácia no controle de picão-preto (Bidens pilosa) e corda-de-viola (Ipomoea triloba). O herbicida foi aplicado utilizando pulverizador pressurizado por CO2, com pontas TT11002 espaçadas de 0,50 m, operando nas pressões de 100 kPa (gotas muito grossas) e 400 kPa (gotas médias) nos volumes de calda de 35, 70, 140 e 280 L ha-1, obtidos por meio da variação na velocidade de aplicação. No momento da aplicação foram avaliados a porcentagem de área coberta e a densidade de gotas (gotas cm-²) em etiquetas de papel hidrossensível, utilizando o programa DropScope®. Melhores índices de controle do picão-preto são obtidos quando a aplicação foi realizada com gotas muito grossas, na pressão de 100 kPa, com volume de calda entre 65 e 280 L ha-1, densidade de gotas superior a 60 gotas cm-2 e cobertura maior que 10%. O fomesafen não controla a corda-de-viola.
The dayflower species Commelina benghalensis and C. diffusa are among the main weeds in coffee crops. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of herbicides/herbicide mixtures in ...controlling dayflower species and to evaluate the possible intoxication of coffee cultures, as well as the effect of mixture interactions. Two experiments were conducted, the first one in a 12 x 2 factorial arrangement with 12 herbicides/mixtures (glyphosate, glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl, glyphosate + flumioxazin, glyphosate + 2.4-D, glyphosate + oxyfluorfen, glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl, metsulfuron-methyl, flumioxazin, 2.4-D, oxyfluorfen and carfentrazone-ethyl) and two dayflower species (C. benghalensis and C. diffusa) and the second one, in a 6 x 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, with six herbicides/mixtures (glyphosate, glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl, glyphosate + flumioxazin, glyphosate + 2.4-D, glyphosate + oxyfluorfen and glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl) and two application forms on coffee plants (reaching 1/3 of the coffee canopy and with a protected canopy), plus a control treatment without herbicides. There was tolerance variation within the dayflower species to the tested herbicides. Commelina benghalensis was controlled by glyphosate, 2.4-D, glyphosate + 2.4-D and glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl, while C. diffusa was controlled by 2.4-D and glyphosate mixtures by + metsulfuron-methyl, glyphosate + oxyfluorfen and glyphosate + flumioxazin. The mixture glyphosate + 2.4-D is effective in controlling dayflower, but it caused intoxication and growth reduction of the coffee. There was antagonism in the mixture glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl in controlling both species, as well as for glyphosate + oxyfluorfen and glyphosate + flumioxazin for C. benghalensis.
RESUMO: As espécies de trapoeraba Commelina benghalensis e C. diffusa estão entre as principais plantas infestantes na cultura do café. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas/misturas de herbicidas no controle das espécies de trapoeraba e a possível intoxicação na cultura do café. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro em esquema fatorial 12 x 2, com 12 herbicidas/misturas (glyphosate, glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl, glyphosate + flumioxazin, glyphosate + 2,4-D, glyphosate + oxyfluorfen, glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl, metsulfuron-methyl, flumioxazin, 2,4-D, oxyfluorfen e carfentrazone-ethyl) e duas espécies de trapoeraba (C. benghalensis e C. diffusa), e o segundo, em esquema fatorial 6 x 2 + 1, com seis herbicidas/misturas (glyphosate, glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl, glyphosate + flumioxazin, glyphosate + 2,4-D, glyphosate + oxyfluorfen e glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl) e duas formas de aplicação nas plantas de café (atingindo 1/3 da copa do café e com a copa protegida), mais uma testemunha sem herbicidas. Verificou-se variação na tolerância das espécies de trapoeraba para os herbicidas avaliados. C. benghalensis foi controlada pelos tratamentos glyphosate, 2,4-D, glyphosate + 2,4-D e glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl, enquanto C. diffusa foi controlada pelo 2,4-D e pelas misturas glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl, glyphosate + oxyfluorfen e glyphosate + flumioxazin. A mistura glyphosate + 2,4-D, embora eficiente no controle das trapoerabas, causou intoxicação e paralisação no crescimento do café. Houve antagonismo na mistura glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl para o controle das duas espécies, bem como nas misturas glyphosate + oxyfluorfen e glyphosate + flumioxazin, para C. benghalensis.
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Copaiba oil is widely used in medicine, but there are no reports regarding its application in ophthalmology. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical, ...histopathological and toxicogenetic effects of eye drops containing 0.1 and 0.5% of Copaifera multijuga Hayne oil on superficial corneal ulcers induced with alkali in the left eye of rats. For histological analysis, the percent reduction in ulcers and thickness of the corneal epithelium and stroma were evaluated 48 and 72 h after ulcer induction. Additionally, neovascularization and polymorphonuclear infiltration were classified in the stroma. The bone marrow micronucleus test was used for toxicogenetic assessment. None of the animals exhibited clinical signs of immediate ocular discomfort after instillation and the eye drops were harmless to the ocular surface. There was a significant difference in percent ulcer reduction and corneal stroma thickness between animals treated with the C. multijuga eye drops and untreated animals with corneal injury and the negative control, respectively, suggesting a healing effect of the oleoresin. Analysis of the thickness of the corneal epithelium at the two time points showed that the eye drops formulated did not significantly reduce the damage caused by alkali. The same was observed for the treatments with the reference drugs. No difference in stromal neovascularization or inflammatory infiltration was observed between the treated groups. The toxicogenetic results revealed the absence of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the treatments. In conclusion, the C. multijuga eye drops did not cause damage to the ocular surface under the present experimental conditions and corneal epithelization was similar to the conventional treatments. These results indicate that eye drops containing C. multijuga oleoresin are a promising option for the treatment of superficial keratitis.
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