Despite all the efforts made by the scientific community in terms of computer security, buffer overflow vulnerabilities continue being the biggest security flaw in applications, since they compromise ...the security of the system through memory corruption. To tackle this problem, there are different techniques based on the binary analysis of the application in question. With this objective in mind, the present paper proposes an algorithm based on the dynamic instrumentation of binaries, that is, dynamic local variables belonging to the functions of the program are detected, and a check is performed to see whether there is an overflow of memory between them. The results obtained show how the proposed algorithm is able to detect buffer overflow errors in the stack frames of a function.
Health professionals are asked to promote health, especially organ transplantation; however, they do not always have specific training.
To analyze information about donation and organ transplantation ...among Spanish medical students.
The population under study is medical students in Spanish universities using the database of the International Donor Collaborative Project, stratified by geographic area and academic year (n = 9275). The instrument used is the attitude questionnaire for organ donation for “PCID-DTO-Ríos” transplantation, validated with an explained variance of 63.203% and α = 0.834. The Student t test was applied together with the χ2 test, complemented by an analysis of the remainders, and Fisher's exact test was applied.
Of the students, 74% indicate that they have received information from university professors about organ transplant. Concerning specific issues with the donation, it is notable that only 66.7% (n = 6190) know and accept the concept of brain death as the death of a person. However, only 22% consider themselves as having good information, and 35.3% indicate that their information is scarce or void. Students indicate having received information about transplant from other extra-university sources, such as television and Internet (80.9%), books and magazines (73.2%), and the press (66.9%). From the information obtained in the sociofamilial field, 60.7% have obtained information from the family and 58.1% from friends. Of this information, 9% has been negative from friends, 7.5% from family, 6% from the Internet and television, and 4% from university professors.
Spanish medical students believe they have little information about organ transplantation and have received negative information.
•Spanish medical students believe they have little information about organ transplantation.•A high percentage of medical students in Spain have received some negative information about donation and organ transplantation.•The sources of information related to the sociofamilial environment are the most influential on the attitude toward donation and organ transplantation among Spanish medical students.•Four percent of medical students indicate having received negative information from university professors about donation and organ transplantation.
Despite sensitization of medical students toward the donation of organs, a non-negligible percentage of students are not in favor of donation.
To analyze the reasons of Spanish medical students who ...do not have a favorable attitude toward the donation of their own organs after death.
The population under study is medical students in Spanish universities, using the database of the International Donor Collaborative Project, stratified by geographic area and academic year. The questionnaire completion was anonymous and self-administered. The study group is medical students with an unfavorable attitude toward organ donation. The assessment instrument used is a validated questionnaire of attitude toward the donation of organs for transplant, “PCID-DTO-Ríos.” The reasons against the donation are valued in the questionnaire through a question.
Of the participants included in the PCID, students who are not in favor of organ donation were selected (n = 1899). Of them, 8.1% (n = 154) are against and 91.1% (n = 1745) are doubtful. The main reasons indicated are the fear of apparent death in 11.4% of respondents, fear of possible mutilation after donation in 11.1%, and religious reasons in 2.6%. Of those, 6.9% indicate other reasons but do not clearly specify the reasons, using words such as “fear” (2.5%) or “doubts about the process” (4.1%); 66.2% (n = 1257) indicated an “assertive refusal” (“I don't want to express my reasons”).
Twenty percent of Spanish medical students are not in favor of donating their organs and are not in favor of showing their reasons.
•Most Spanish medical students who are not in favor of organ donation do not indicate their reasons.•The main reason among Spanish medical students for not being in favor is the fear of apparent death.•Spanish medical students who are not in favor of organ donation are mainly in the first years of their career and without prior awareness of the subject.
Awareness of organ donation among Spanish doctors and medical students is very positive. However, the emerging group of professionals of non-Spanish nationality studying in Spain has not been ...analyzed.
To analyze the differences in the attitudes toward the different types of donation among medical students, according to their nationality.
The population under study is medical students in Spanish universities using the database of the International Collaborative Donor Project, stratified by geographic area and academic year. Groups under study include students of non-Spanish nationality as group 1 (n = 1570) and students of Spanish nationality as Group 2 (n = 7705). Instruments are validated questionnaires of attitude toward donation “PCID-DTO-Ríos,” “PCID-DVR-Ríos,” “PCID-DVH-Ríos,” and “PCID-XenoTx-Ríos.”
The attitude toward the donation of own organs after death is similar in both groups (P = .703). Non-Spaniards are 79.2% in favor compared to 79.6% of Spaniards. Living kidney donation, both unrelated (33.3% vs 29.3% in favor; P = .001) and related (91.2% vs 89, 6% in favor; P = .047), is more favorable among non-Spanish students. There are no differences regarding non-related living liver donation (29.7% vs 29.3% in favor; P = .063), but there are differences in the results for related living liver donation (94.1% vs 88%; P < .001). The attitude toward xenotransplantation of organs is similar (80.8% vs 80.8%; P = .999).
Awareness of the donation of organs among Spanish medical students is similar to non-Spanish students studying in Spain, except the attitude toward living donation.
•The acceptance of different types of organ donation among medical students is high.•The attitude toward living donation is more favorable among non-Spanish medical students studying in Spain.•Medical students in Spain of non-Spanish nationality have the same awareness regarding organ donation as Spaniards, so they do not require special training.
Norfloxacin is employed as in veterinary and human medicine against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Due to the ineffective treatment at the wastewater treatment plants it becomes an ...emergent pollutant. Electro-oxidation appears as an alternative to its effective mineralization. This work compares Norfloxacin electro-oxidation on different anodic materials: two ceramic electrodes (both based on SnO2 + Sb2O3 with and without CuO, named as CuO and BCE, respectively) and a boron doped diamond (BDD). First, the anodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, revealing that NOR direct oxidation occurred at 1.30 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The higher the scan rate the higher both the current density and the anodic potential of the peak. This behavior was analyzed using the Randles–Sevcik equation to calculate the Norfloxacin diffusion coefficient in aqueous media, giving a value of D = 7.80 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 at 25 °C), which is close to the predicted value obtained using the Wilke-Chang correlation.
The electrolysis experiments showed that both NOR and TOC decay increased with the applied current density, presenting a pseudo-first order kinetic. All the anodes tested achieved more than 90% NOR degradation at each current density. The CuO is not a good alternative to BCE because although it acts as a catalyst during the first use, it is lost from the anode surface in the subsequent uses. According to their oxidizing power, the anodes employed are ordered as follows: BDD > BCE > CuO.
•NOR oxidation is an irreversible reaction not only controlled by diffusion.•NOR diffusion coefficient was calculated by Randles–Sevcik equation.•Apparent kinetic constant was calculated assuming a pseudo-first order kinetics.•The oxidizing power of the anodes is ordered as follows: BDD > BCE > CuO.•The ceramic electrode with CuO loss part of the copper after its first use.
Religious factors have conditioned the attitude toward organ donation and transplantation (ODT) since the beginning of transplantation, despite the fact that most religions are in favor of ...transplantation.
To assess the impact of religious beliefs of medical students on their attitude toward ODT.
Population under study: Medical students in Spanish universities. Study sample: Stratified by geographical area and academic course. Assessment instrument: Attitude ODT questionnaire PCID-DTO-Ríos, anonymous and self-administered.
Of all students, 42% (n = 3907) declare themselves atheists or agnostics. The remaining 58% (n = 5368) declare themselves to be religious, the majority being Catholic (55%, n = 5102). Of the rest, 0.2% are Muslims (n = 8), 0.1% Protestants (n = 1), and the remaining 2.7% (n = 257) indicate other religious doctrines but do not want to specify it. Regarding their attitude toward ODT, those who consider themselves atheists or agnostics have a more favorable attitude than those who consider themselves religious (84% versus 76%; P < .001). Among those who follow some kind of religion, Catholics are more in favor of ODT than non-Catholics (77% vs 64%, P < .001). Note that among the religious, only 57% (n = 3050) know which religion is in favor of transplantation, while 22% (n = 1,152) consider that it has not been pronounced on the matter, 13% (n = 723) think the religion is against donation, and the remaining 8% (n = 443) do not know.
The religion professed by medical students conditions their attitude toward donation, with the atheists and agnostics being more in favor of donation.
•The religion professed by medical students conditions their attitude toward donation; atheists and agnostics are more in favor of donation.•Those who consider themselves atheists or agnostics have a more favorable attitude toward organ donation than those who consider themselves religious.•Among those who follow some kind of religion, Catholics are more in favor of ODT than non-Catholics.•Professional religion for medical students in Spain conditions the attitude toward organ donation.
Organ refusal rates among Gypsies is much higher than that of any other social group in Spain. However, their attitude toward new therapies related to transplantation, such as the ...xenotransplantation, is not known. This is especially important in countries such as Spain, where there are research and development units for xenotransplantation.
To analyze the attitude toward xenotransplantation among the Gypsy population living in Spain.
Type of study: Observational sociological study. Population under study: Adult Gypsy population currently residing in Spain. Sample: A random sampling of 230 adult Gypsies. Assessment instrument: A validated attitude questionnaire for xenotransplantation—PCID–XenoTx Ríos. Fieldwork: Random selection based on stratification. Anonymity and self-administered fulfillment. Statistics: Student t test, χ2, Fisher, and a logistic regression analysis.
A sample of 206 Gypsies was obtained. Forty-five percent (n = 93) would accept a solid organ xenotransplantation if they needed it, and the results were similar to those currently obtained with human organs; 24% (n = 49) have doubts, and 31% (n = 64) would not accept the xenotransplantation. If the results were worse than with human organs, only 9% would accept the xenotransplantation (n = 19). Respondents with a favorable attitude toward xenotransplantation presented a more favorable attitude toward cadaveric organ donation (55% vs 34%, P = .01).
Gypsies do not present a very favorable attitude toward xenotransplantation, especially compared with other Spanish population groups. A favorable sensitivity is presented by the population group in favor of it to cadaveric organ donation, which could be used to sensitize this social group and promote donation campaigns with the aim of increasing donation rates.
•The organ donation refusal rate among Gypsies is much higher than that of any other social group in Europe, especially in Spain.•Xenotransplantation, without being a clinical reality, has managed to overcome many barriers, and vital organs could be useful as a bridge organ while waiting for a human organ.•Gypsies do not present a very favorable attitude toward xenotransplantation, especially compared with other Spanish population groups.•A favorable attitude is presented by the population group in favor of cadaveric organ donation. The promotion of cadaveric organ donation could be used to promote xenotransplantation.
Extremophiles are microorganisms that possess application possibilities in several industrial fields, including agricultural, chemical, laundry, pharmaceutical, food, petroleum and bioremediation. ...This work reports the isolation of 19 thermophilic, alkalitolerant and halotolerant bacterial strains from two thermal sites in Veracruz, México: El Carrizal thermal pool and Los Baños hot spring. These strains belong to the Geobacillus, Anoxybacillus and Aeribacillus genera. The strains produce lipases, proteases, and amylases under thermophilic conditions. They may have good potential for application in microbial enhanced oil recovery, since they are thermophilic and halotolerant, produce exopolymers (up to 11.8 mg/mg) and acids, show emulsifying activity (E
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up to 7.5%), and are able to grow in kerosene as carbon source; these strains may also be used in biodesulphurization since they can grow in dibenzothiophene producing 2-hydroxybiphenyl under thermophilic conditions (up to 2.9 mg/L).
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