Summary
Background
Limonene and linalool are common fragrance terpenes widely used in cosmetic, household and hygiene products. Their primary oxidation products formed after air exposure, the ...hydroperoxides, have been recognized as important contact haptens.
Objectives
To investigate the prevalence of contact allergy to hydroperoxides of limonene (Lim‐OOHs) and hydroperoxides of linalool (Lin‐OOHs) in Spain, and to define the optimal concentration for screening in consecutive patients.
Methods
Three different concentrations of Lim‐OOHs (0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% pet.) and Lin‐OOHs (0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0% pet.) were simultaneously tested in 3639 consecutive patients at 22 departments of dermatology in Spain.
Results
Lim‐OOHs at 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% yielded positive patch test reactions in 1.4%, 3.4% and 5.1% of the tested patients, respectively; and Lin‐OOHs at 0.25%, 0.5% and 1.0% yielded positive reactions in 1.3%, 2.9% and 4.9% of the tested patients, respectively. Few irritant (1.5–1.9%) and doubtful reactions (0.4–0.5%) to both terpene hydroperoxides were registered at the highest concentrations tested.
Conclusions
Lim‐OOHs and Lin‐OOHs can be considered as common causes of contact allergy, and their inclusion in an extended baseline patch test series therefore seems to be appropriate. The patch test preparations of Lim‐OOHs 0.3% pet. and Lin‐OOHs 1.0% pet. are useful tools for screening of contact sensitization.
After the meeting held by the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC) back in October 2021, changes were suggested to the Spanish Standard Series patch testing. ...Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2% pet.), textile dye mixt (6.6% pet.), linalool hydroperoxide (1% pet.), and limonene hydroperoxide (0.3% pet.) were, then, added to the series that agreed upon in 2016. Ethyldiamine and phenoxyethanol were excluded. Methyldibromoglutaronitrile, the mixture of sesquiterpene lactones, and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene (Lyral) were also added to the extended Spanish series of 2022.After the meeting held by the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC) back in October 2021, changes were suggested to the Spanish Standard Series patch testing. Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2% pet.), textile dye mixt (6.6% pet.), linalool hydroperoxide (1% pet.), and limonene hydroperoxide (0.3% pet.) were, then, added to the series that agreed upon in 2016. Ethyldiamine and phenoxyethanol were excluded. Methyldibromoglutaronitrile, the mixture of sesquiterpene lactones, and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene (Lyral) were also added to the extended Spanish series of 2022.
•New ceramic electrodes based on Sb-doped SnO2 have been developed.•They have been applied to the degradation of ATL in an undivided and a divided electrochemical cell.•ATL was completely degraded ...for both reactors and electrodes.•The highest percentage of TOC eliminated was obtained with the BDD.•No toxic by-products were formed in any case.
Electrochemical oxidation of β-blocker atenolol (ATL, 100 ppm) at different applied current densities (33, 50 and 83 mA·cm−2) using a reactor divided by an ion-exchange membrane and an undivided one was investigated. Two types of anodes were used for this purpose: a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and new low-cost ceramic electrodes made of tin dioxide doped with antimony (Sb-doped SnO2). Degradation was assessed using a high performance liquid chromatography, while mineralization by measuring total organic carbon (TOC) dissolved in sample. Except for the lowest current density, ATL was completely degraded for both reactors and electrodes. The highest percentage of TOC eliminated (89%) was obtained at the highest applied current density with the BDD electrode in the divided reactor. The presence of the cation-exchange membrane prevented the reduction of both the electrogenerated oxidizing species and the oxidized organic compounds and enhances the electro-oxidation kinetic reaction.
In order to study the influence of the supporting electrolyte, three different concentrations of sodium sulfate (0.014, 0.05 and 0.1 M) were tested in the undivided reactor with both electrodes. The results showed that an increase in the concentration of the supporting electrolyte improves the mineralization of ATL for the BDD electrode and, on the contrary, worsens for the ceramic electrode. Accelerated service life tests were carried out for the ceramic electrode at 100 mA·cm−2 in 0.5 M H2SO4. Ecotoxicity tests using marine bacteria (Vibrio Fischeri) revealed that no toxic by-products were formed in any case.
After the meeting held by the Spanish Contact Dermatitis and Skin Allergy Research Group (GEIDAC) back in October 2021, changes were suggested to the Spanish standard series patch testing. ...Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2% pet.), textile dye mixt (6.6% pet.), linalool hydroperoxide (1% pet.), and limonene hydroperoxide (0.3% pet.) were, then, added to the series that agreed upon in 2016. Ethyldiamine and phenoxyethanol were excluded. Methyldibromoglutaronitrile, the mixture of sesquiterpene lactones, and hydroxyisohexyl 3-cyclohexene (Lyral) were alo added to the extended Spanish series of 2022.
Burnishing processes are effective methods for treating pieces to increase their durability and roughness. Studies reveal that traditional burnishing can be strongly improved with the assistance of ...external energy sources. A vibrating module was attached to a classical burnishing tool and was tested on aluminum specimens to find the optimal vibration-assisted burnishing parameters. Vibration caused roughness improvements of the specimens and decreased the processing time by fivefold compared to traditional burnishing. At the tested frequency, no significant consequences were found on hardness and residual stresses.
OBJECTIVETo understand for what care of the patient at the end of life and their relatives means to ICU health professionals. METHODSQualitative study with a Research-Action (AI) design, in two ...intensive care units of the city of Bogotá. Groups were formed in each unit and each group included at least six health professionals, the data collection techniques were: 4 participative assemblies and 6 clinical narratives, the data analysis was done through the preparation of the data, discovery of topics, coding and interpretation of data, relativisation and rigour of the data. RESULTS20 ICU workers participated, the analysis of the data revealed four thematic categories: Multidisciplinary team of the ICU facing the end-of-life process, Management of critical patients and their families at the end of life in the ICU, Communication process between the patient, family and multidisciplinary team at the end of life, Ethical aspects at the end of life in the ICU CONCLUSIONS: The professionals consider preserving quality of life during the patient's stay in the ICU a therapeutic objective. The development of evidence-based guidelines that facilitate multidisciplinary management at the end of life, customisation of care, effective communication, fulfilling the physical, emotional and spiritual needs of the person and their family and favouring the patient's right of autonomy in decision making.
A Monte Carlo dust tail model has been applied to extract the dust environment parameters of the comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) from both Earth-based and SOHO LASCO C3 observations, performed from about six ...astronomical units (AU) inbound, to just after perihelion passage, when only a small portion of the original comet nucleus has survived in the form of a cloud of tiny particles. The early Afrho and image data are consistent with particle ejection from an extended active area located at latitudes 35degreesN to 90degreesN (for a prograde rotating nucleus), with the spin axis having a large obliquity (I ~ 70degrees). This configuration nicely fits the early images and Afrho data until 3.9 AU inbound, when the emission should become isotropic in order to fit the data. The analysis of LASCO images reveals that, assuming an original nucleus of R sub(N) = 500 m with rho = 1000 kg m super(-3), at least half of its mass was vaporized when the comet was at about 17 R sub(middot in circle) inbound. We conclude that at that time the nucleus suffered a cataclysmic fragmentation releasing a huge amount of material of 2.3 x10 super(11) kg, equivalent to a sphere of 380 m in radius with density 1000 kg m super(-3). The surviving material after perihelion passage consists of very small dust particles of 0.1-50 mu m in radius with a total mass of just 6.7x10 super(8) kg.
In order to determine lipid abnormalities in serum in HIV-infected patients and their relation with humoral and cellular immunological changes. Ninety HIV-infected patients without acute inflammatory ...or malignant disease have been studied. Thirty healthy HIV-negative subjects constituted the control group. As compared with controls, patients with CD4+ lymphocytes >400×10
6/l had higher triglycerides and lower high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo)-A1. Lipoprotein comparison by groups of patients according to CD4+ cell counts showed a decrease of HDL-cholesterol in patients with CD4+ cells ≤200×10
6/l. When CD4+ lymphocyte counts were <50×10
6/l, total and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol were increased and HDL and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and apo-A1 were decreased. Interferon (IFN)-α, β2-microglobulin and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were correlated positively with total and VLDL-triglycerides and negatively with HDL-cholesterol. In conclusion, lipoprotein changes in patients with HIV-infection are related with humoral and cellular immune markers. A decrease of HDL-cholesterol and apo-A1 and an increase of triglyceride levels could be considered as markers of disease progression.
PDF
