This article proposes three evolutionary games to study secularization. The games assume that there is a severe competition for a resource defined as the material wealth a society produces. ...Successful strategies emerge out of the process, become the authority, capture and allocate the resource. Individuals who prefer a heavier or lighter weight of religion within the organization of the polity respectively named as religious and secular types can become wealthier and be emulated in the population depending on their initial proportions in the population. The society can evolve into a stable division of secular and religious types or can evolve opposite directions toward secularization. Impostors who misrepresent their religious preferences can invade a population that is equally halved into religious and secular types. No evolutionary stability is reached if impostors make no mistake in misrepresenting their beliefs; otherwise secular or religious strategies become evolutionarily stable.
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•Frequencies and the geometry parameters of L and CuCl2L2 were calculated.•The DFT results were compared with FT-FIR, FT-IR, and dispersive Raman data.•The normal modes have been ...assigned on the basis of the PED.•EPR was performed to investigate the molecular arrangement around the copper atom.
Transition metal complex of CuCl2 with L=4-amino-1-methylbenzene, i.e., CuCl2L2, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, dispersive Raman and EPR methods. The geometrical structure and vibrational spectra of L and CuCl2L2 have been investigated in terms of density functional calculations employing the 6-311G+(d,p) basis set. The normal modes have been assigned on the basis of the percent potential energy distribution (PED) of the internal motions in each vibrational modes. The effects of the coordination on vibrational modes have been investigated. The experimental vibrational and EPR spectral studies and theoretical calculations find the title complex as a doublet with one unpaired electron.
•Tb3+ substituted NiCuZn nano-ferrites were synthesized via ultrasonic approach.•Band gap (Eg) values are in a narrow range of 1.87–1.98 eV.•Mössbauer spectroscopy showed that Tb3+ ions prefer to ...occupy Oh site.•Tb substituted NiCuZn nano-ferrites revealed superparamagnetic trait T = 300 K.•Tb substituted NiCuZn nano-ferrites display soft ferromagnetic behavior at T = 10 K.
The Fe3+ ions were replace with Tb3+ ions as highly paramagnetic rare earth element within the structure of Ni0.4Cu0.2Zn0.4Fe2O4 nano-spinel ferrites (NSFs). The structural, magnetic, spectroscopic and optic properties have been studied in details. All products have been synthesized via ultrasonic approach via Qsonica ultrasonic homogenizer, frequency: 20 kHz and power: 70 W for 60 min. No annealing or calcination process was applied for any product. The microstructural analysis of products has been done via X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) which presented the cubic spinel structure with nanosized distribution of all. The cubic morphology of all products were confirmed by both HR-TEM and FE-SEM. Optical band gap (Eg) values were assessed by applying %DR (percent diffuse reflectance) analysis and Kubelka-Munk theory. The Tauc schemes showed that Eg values are in a narrow range (1.87–1.98 eV). The quadrupole splitting, line width, hyperfine magnetic field, isomer shift values and cation distribution have been determined from 57Fe Mossbauer analysis. The magnetic properties of various nanoparticles have been obtained from VSM (vibration sample magnetometer) measurements at 10 and 300 K (RT). The magnetic results revealed superparamagnetic and soft ferromagnetic traits at 10 and 300 K, respectively. Ms (saturation magnetization) and Mr (remanence) initially increase with increasing Tb3+ substituting level up to x = 0.06 then diminish for further x values. Hc (coercivity) shows an opposite variation tendency of Ms and Mr. The observed magnetic traits are deeply discussed in relation with the structure, morphology, magnetic moments and cation distributions.
We fabricated 400nm thick ZnO films by RF magnetron sputtering on Si (100) substrates. The eight samples were implanted by 40keV Co+ ions at different fluences varying from 0.251017 ions/cm2 to ...2.01017 ions/cm2. The XRD technique was applied to analyze the crystal structure of virgin and implanted samples. X-ray patterns show that the virgin sample has reflection peaks that originate from the (100) and (002) crystal planes. The Co+ implantation decreased the long range crystal quality and caused the formation of Co3O4 crystallites at remarkable magnitudes in the ZnO films. The theoretical analysis of the XRD data by applying Scherrer method showed that the average crystallite size dropped from 59nm to 25nm for ZnO samples after implantation. The magnetic properties of films were investigated by using Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM). The M-H hysteresis curves of samples were recorded at room temperature and 10K. In order to check the temperature dependence of the magnetization, we carried out field cooled (FC) and zero field cooled (ZFC) M-T measurements in a temperature range of 10-400K. These measurements showed that the implanted samples exhibit ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature and have T C value above 1000K. The magnetization increased with the increasing Co fluence. However, the formation of antiferromagnetic Co3O4 decreased the magnitude of magnetization. The electric conductivity of films was measured by the Four Point Probe method. The electric conductivity depends on the concentration of Co ions.
We investigated magnetic properties of ZnO thin film implanted with Fe57 ions to the fluence of 1.00×1017ions/cm2. Both vibrating sample magnetometry and magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements ...revealed strong room temperature ferromagnetism with similar hysteresis loops. Temperature dependent measurements showed a very high Curie temperature around 850K. Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy experiments proved the existence of paramagnetic Fe+3 and Fe+2 ions and also the presence of substitutional Fe atoms in the hexagonal ZnO crystal resulting in intrinsic ferromagnetic order.
•The implanted iron atoms form different magnetic phases in the host ZnO film.•Mössbauer data proved the existence of paramagnetic Fe+3 and Fe+2 ions and substitutional Fe atoms.•The observed RT ferromagnetism is attributed to the iron atoms occupying ZnO crystal lattice.•Temperature dependent measurements showed a very high TC around 850K.
This research presents a detailed analysis and discussion of the crystallographic, flux pinning mechanism, the microstructure and superconducting properties of nano-Pt/nano-SiC co-added (in different ...addition levels) bulk MgB
2
samples. All disk-shaped MgB
2
bulk samples were manufactured using the conventional solid-state reaction method and the sintering process was implemented at 700 °C for 3 h in pure Ar atmosphere. Nano-Pt addition levels were 0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 3.0; 5.0; 7.0 wt% of MgB
2
powders and nano-SiC addition level was 10 wt% of MgB
2
powders. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that Mg
2
Si, Pt
3
Si and Mg
2
PtSi impurity phases were detected in nano-Pt/nano-SiC co-added MgB
2
samples. These impurity phases created zones acting as influential pinning centers for the flux lines. The critical current density (
J
c
) indicated improvement at high field (
B
> 4 T) for 10 wt% nano-SiC added sample and all nano-Pt/nano-SiC co-added samples. The values of
J
c
in 6 T field at 5 K were calculated to be 3.1 × 10
3
A/cm
2
for pristine MgB
2
sample, 1.5 × 10
4
A/cm
2
for the 10 wt% nano-SiC added MgB
2
sample and 1.6 × 10
4
A/cm
2
for the 1.0 wt% nano-Pt and 10 wt% nano-SiC co-added MgB
2
sample. At applied magnetic fields higher than about 4 T at 5 K and 10 K, the best
J
c
performance among all samples is given by 1.0 wt% nano-Pt and 10 wt% nano-SiC co-added MgB
2
sample. The pristine MgB
2
sample has a the critical temperatures (
T
c
) of 38.1 K and
T
c
has dropped with nano-Pt/nano-SiC co-added bulk MgB
2
samples. The flux pinning mechanisms of both pristine and all nano-Pt/nano-SiC co-added bulk MgB
2
samples were seen to be the normal point pinning in magnetic fields lower than
B
max
(the field at which the pinning force reaches its maximum) at 15 K.
•Storage capacity of a PL is constructed using real car park data and distribution feeder reliability assessment is performed using the load and the component outage data of an existing distribution ...feeder.•Reliability improvement of a distribution feeder is determined using its available storage capacity as a backup source.•Load point and feeder reliability indices are evaluated for several operating cases • The distribution feeder and the load point reliability indices can be improved up to 26% and 44%, respectively for the considered backup operation of the PL.
Metropolitan cities have hundreds of parking lots (PLs), where each PL may have a capacity to hold hundreds of cars. Large-scale use of electric vehicles coupled with technological advancements in battery storage systems provide several technical and economic benefits of integrating PLs into the grid. This study presents the impacts of electric vehicle PLs on the distribution system reliability. The reliability indices of the distribution feeder are determined using recently proposed novel storage capacity model of a PL that accounts for the load and component outage data of the distribution feeder. The paper uses average interruption duration, average interruption frequency, and energy not served as feeder reliability indices. For load point reliability indices interruption frequency, interruption duration and energy not served are used. Numerical results, thus attained, show that for the backup operation mode of the PL; the feeder reliability indices and load point reliability indices improve up to 26% and 44% respectively.
•Service quality is vital to increase user satisfaction and attract new passengers.•In this study, a practical approach for monitoring and improving the service quality of bus transit routes was ...proposed.•A two-stage multi-criteria decision making approach was applied.•The model produces a service quality score specific to each route.
This paper aims to provide a useful and practical methodology for bus transit operators to monitor and improve the quality of bus transit services. To this aim, a two-stage multi-criteria decision making approach is proposed. The first stage involves the use of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine the priority of each service quality attribute from the passengers’ point of view. The second stage adopts Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to measure the service quality and rank the bus transit routes. The proposed approach provides a comprehensive performance analysis by incorporating user preferences and multiple criteria into the evaluation. Analysis identifies the most important service quality attributes from the users’ perspectives. Furthermore, it distinguishes between high and low quality transit routes and gives an opportunity to monitor and improve the quality of bus transit service.
The purpose of this report is to describe the international growth, outcomes, complications, and technology used in pediatric extracorporeal life support (ECLS) from 2009 to 2015 as reported by ...participating centers in the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO). To date, there are 59,969 children who have received ECLS in the ELSO Registry; among those, 21,907 received ECLS since 2009 with an overall survival to hospital discharge rate of 61%. In 2009, 2,409 ECLS cases were performed at 157 centers. By 2015, that number grew to 2,992 cases in 227 centers, reflecting a 24% increase in patients and 55% growth in centers. ECLS delivered to neonates (0-28 days) for respiratory support was the largest subcategory of ECLS among children <18-years old. Overall, 48% of ECLS was delivered for respiratory support and 52% was for cardiac support or extracorporeal life support to support cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR). During the study period, over half of children were supported on ECLS with centrifugal pumps (51%) and polymethylpentene oxygenators (52%). Adverse events including neurologic events were common during ECLS, a fact that underscores the opportunity and need to promote quality improvement work.
Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most common and fatal intestinal disorders in preterm infants. Breast-fed infants are at lower risk for NEC than formula-fed infants, but the protective ...components in human milk have not been identified. In contrast to formula, human milk contains high amounts of complex glycans.
To test the hypothesis that human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) contribute to the protection from NEC.
Since human intervention studies are unfeasible due to limited availability of HMO, a neonatal rat NEC model was used. Pups were orally gavaged with formula without and with HMO and exposed to hypoxia episodes. Ileum sections were scored blindly for signs of NEC. Two-dimensional chromatography was used to determine the most effective HMO, and sequential exoglycosidase digestions and linkage analysis was used to determine its structure.
Compared to formula alone, pooled HMO significantly improved 96-hour survival from 73.1% to 95.0% and reduced pathology scores from 1.98 ± 1.11 to 0.44 ± 0.30 (p<0.001). Within the pooled HMO, a specific isomer of disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT) was identified to be protective. Galacto-oligosaccharides, currently added to formula to mimic some of the effects of HMO, had no effect.
HMO reduce NEC in neonatal rats and the effects are highly structure specific. If these results translate to NEC in humans, DSLNT could be used to prevent or treat NEC in formula-fed infants, and its concentration in the mother's milk could serve as a biomarker to identify breast-fed infants at risk of developing this disorder.
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