Introduction
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with an unclear etiology. Systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation may play a role in the ...pathogenesis of ADHD. Morphology-derived parameters such as neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), have been proposed as peripheral biomarkers of the immune-inflammatory process in various diseases. However, studies examining their role in ADHD remain inconclusive.
Methods
A systematic review and a meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the association between NLR, MLR, PLR and ADHD. Relevant articles were identified, screened, and assessed for quality according to PRISMA guidelines. Moreover, a qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed.
Results
The review contained eight eligible studies, five of which were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that ADHD patients had higher NLR and PLR values compared to health controls. No significant difference in MLR value was observed between the two groups. Analysis in relation to ADHD subtypes showed no significant differences in inflammatory markers in any of the included studies as well. The influence of medical treatment on these ratios could not be adequately assessed due to limited data.
Conclusion
ADHD patients exhibit higher NLR and PLR than healthy controls, which may indicate the potential immune-inflammatory involvement in this disorder. Further studies on inflammatory markers and ADHD, especially those considering the impact of treatment and clinical symptoms, are essential to comprehensively understand this association.
Introduction Delivering bad news is a difficult but common task when practising medicine. Appropriate knowledge and communication skills improve the relationship between the doctor and the patient ...and consequently the overall quality of the medical treatment. Aim of the study The aim of the study was to investigate general opinions of Polish students towards delivering bad medical news and to investigate the difference between students of the medical faculty and students from other faculties. Material and methods Polish students were asked to complete a survey regarding the delivery of bad medical news by a doctor. An analysis of 196 completed questionnaires was made. The group of respondents was divided into students of the medical faculty and students of other faculties. Results The results show that students from other faculties than students of the medical faculty more often believe that doctors should always deliver bad news, in the full content, regardless of the patients’ family opinion. Most of the respondents (regardless of the group) stated that they would like to know the diagnosis and prognosis if they were critically ill. They also believed that it is possible to deliver bad medical news without depriving the patient of hope. Moreover, they believed that knowing the truth may be helpful in the therapeutic process. Half of the students of the medical faculty stated that they had attended a class on delivering unsuccessful information, and 67% of them believe that they would be able to deliver it in the right way. Conclusions Delivering bad medical news is part of the everyday job for many doctors. It is important that students of the medical faculty acquire appropriate knowledge and communication skills during medical studies. Being aware of the patients’ expectations allows for the improvement of medical care, even when managing cases of severe and/or incurable diseases.
Mutation spectrum of TP53 in gastric cancer (GC) has been investigated world-widely, but a comparison of mutation spectrum among GCs from various regions in the world are still sparsely documented. ...In order to identify the difference of TP53 mutation spectrum in GCs in Eastern Europe and in East Asia, we sequenced TP53 in GCs from Eastern Europe, Lujiang (China), and Yokohama, Kanagawa (Japan) and identified the feature of TP53 mutations of GC in these regions.
In total, 689 tissue samples of GC were analyzed: 288 samples from East European populations (25 from Hungary, 71 from Poland and 192 from Romania), 268 from Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan and 133 from Lujiang, Anhui province, China. DNA was extracted from FFPE tissue of Chinese, East European cases; and from frozen tissue of Japanese GCs. PCR products were direct-sequenced by Sanger method, and in ambiguous cases, PCR product was cloned and up to 8 clones were sequenced. We used No. NC_000017.11(hg38) as the reference sequence of TP53. Mutation patterns were categorized into nine groups: six base substitutions, insertion, deletion and deletion-insertion. Within G:C > A:T mutations the mutations in CpG and non-CpG sites were divided. The Cancer Genome Atlas data (TCGA, ver.R20, July, 2019) having somatic mutation list of GCs from Whites, Asians, and other ethnicities were used as a reference for our data.
The most frequent base substitutions were G:C > A:T transition in all the areas investigated. The G:C > A:T transition in non-CpG sites were prominent in East European GCs, compared with Asian ones. Mutation pattern from TCGA data revealed the same trend between GCs from White (TCGA category) vs Asian countries. Chinese and Japanese GCs showed higher ratio of G:C > A:T transition in CpG sites and A:T > G:C mutation was more prevalent in Asian countries.
The divergence in mutation spectrum of GC in different areas in the world may reflect various pathogeneses and etiologies of GC, region to region. Diversified mutation spectrum in GC in Eastern Europe may suggest GC in Europe has different carcinogenic pathway of those from Asia.
The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the communication method on satisfaction with a medical visit and to identify and analyze selected factors influencing the doctor – patient ...relationship from the patient’s perspective. Material and methods: An original survey conducted with the use of social networks was used for the study. 284 questionnaires were included in the static analysis. Results: The time devoted to the patients during the visit did not affect their satisfaction. For patients, the following were particularly important in the doctor’s attitude: showing respect, introducing oneself during the visit, show interest in his/her feelings and choosing treatment together. In addition, they valued the doctor’s use of comprehensible language, maintaining eye contact and formal attire. The doctor’s sex, age and medical title were not important to most patient. Conclusions: Knowing patients’ expectations can improve physican-patient communication, which benefits the treatment process. More research is needed to show the patients’ perspective and can enrich medical communication courses.
Abstract Aim: Mutation spectrum of TP53 in gastric cancer (GC) has been investigated world-widely, but a comparison of mutation spectrum among GCs from various regions in the world are still sparsely ...documented. In order to identify the difference of TP53 mutation spectrum in GCs in Eastern Europe and in East Asia, we sequenced TP53 in GCs from Eastern Europe, Lujiang (China), and Yokohama, Kanagawa (Japan) and identified the feature of TP53 mutations of GC in these regions. Subjects and method: In total, 689 tissue samples of GC were analyzed: 288 samples from East European populations (25 from Hungary, 71 from Poland and 192 from Romania), 268 from Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan and 133 from Lujiang, Anhui province, China. DNA was extracted from FFPE tissue of Chinese, East European cases; and from frozen tissue of Japanese GCs. PCR products were direct-sequenced by Sanger method, and in ambiguous cases, PCR product was cloned and up to 8 clones were sequenced. We used No. NC_000017.11(hg38) as the reference sequence of TP53. Mutation patterns were categorized into nine groups: six base substitutions, insertion, deletion and deletion-insertion. Within G:C > A:T mutations the mutations in CpG and non-CpG sites were divided. The Cancer Genome Atlas data (TCGA, ver.R20, July, 2019) having somatic mutation list of GCs from Whites, Asians, and other ethnicities were used as a reference for our data. Results: The most frequent base substitutions were G:C > A:T transition in all the areas investigated. The G:C > A:T transition in non-CpG sites were prominent in East European GCs, compared with Asian ones. Mutation pattern from TCGA data revealed the same trend between GCs from White (TCGA category) vs Asian countries. Chinese and Japanese GCs showed higher ratio of G:C > A:T transition in CpG sites and A:T > G:C mutation was more prevalent in Asian countries. Conclusion: The divergence in mutation spectrum of GC in different areas in the world may reflect various pathogeneses and etiologies of GC, region to region. Diversified mutation spectrum in GC in Eastern Europe may suggest GC in Europe has different carcinogenic pathway of those from Asia.
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