Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. Adults with ID exhibit higher rates of obesity and poorer health status compared to the ...general population. Continuity of care and barriers to health-related activities may contribute to the poorer health status observed in this population. To address this problem, a tailored weight management online health information and communication technology platform, known as POWERS
, was developed and is being tested to determine if this delivery mechanism can improve weight maintenance/weight loss in adults with ID.
Obese adults with mild-to-moderate ID (n = 70) are randomized to the POWERS
intervention or control group for a 24-week trial. Each group undergoes an assessment that includes body weight, waist circumference, and percent body fat at baseline and at weeks 6, 12, and 24. Physical activity barriers, healthy eating barriers, food frequency, and psychosocial wellbeing are measured at baseline and at weeks 12 and 24. Blood lipids are assessed at baseline and 24 weeks. Participants randomized to POWERS
receive access to the POWERS
website and calls from a health coach (weekly during weeks 1-12, biweekly during weeks 13-24). The health coach employs motivational interviewing techniques adapted for individuals with ID to promote behavior change. Participants randomized to the control group receive standard clinical weight-loss care. Differences in weight, waist circumference, blood lipids, percent body fat, and psychosocial self-report will be assessed. Barriers and facilitators of implementation as well as perception of study outcomes will be conducted via qualitative analysis.
POWERS
is a novel information and communication technology platform designed to address health needs for adults with ID. This article describes the development and components of POWERS
. The overall aim is to assess usability and feasibility of POWERS
for promoting weight loss for obese adults with ID over the course of a 24-week randomized control trial.
Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03139760 . Registered on XXX.
Coaching log notes for 15 participants from a 24-week blended online and telehealth randomized controlled trial were analyzed using thematic analysis and analyst triangulation to determine the ...factors that facilitated participant adherence to weight loss strategies, use of technology, and motivational interviewing. Several participants reported that restricting processed carbohydrates, limiting portion size, and maintaining healthy substitutions were effective nutritional strategies. Participants were less successful with adherence to their exercise goals, often due to time constraints and a lack of support. Results suggested consistent caregiver support improved participants' adherence to weight loss strategies and use of technology. Future programs should address obesity among people with intellectual and developmental disabilities by offering a range of interventions that are customized to their specific weight loss needs.
Background Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. Adults with ID exhibit higher rates of obesity and poorer health status ...compared to the general population. Continuity of care and barriers to health-related activities may contribute to the poorer health status observed in this population. To address this problem, a tailored weight management online health information and communication technology platform, known as POWERS.sub.forID, was developed and is being tested to determine if this delivery mechanism can improve weight maintenance/weight loss in adults with ID. Methods Obese adults with mild-to-moderate ID (n = 70) are randomized to the POWERS.sub.forID intervention or control group for a 24-week trial. Each group undergoes an assessment that includes body weight, waist circumference, and percent body fat at baseline and at weeks 6, 12, and 24. Physical activity barriers, healthy eating barriers, food frequency, and psychosocial wellbeing are measured at baseline and at weeks 12 and 24. Blood lipids are assessed at baseline and 24 weeks. Participants randomized to POWERS.sub.forID receive access to the POWERS.sub.forID website and calls from a health coach (weekly during weeks 1-12, biweekly during weeks 13-24). The health coach employs motivational interviewing techniques adapted for individuals with ID to promote behavior change. Participants randomized to the control group receive standard clinical weight-loss care. Differences in weight, waist circumference, blood lipids, percent body fat, and psychosocial self-report will be assessed. Barriers and facilitators of implementation as well as perception of study outcomes will be conducted via qualitative analysis. Discussion POWERS.sub.forID is a novel information and communication technology platform designed to address health needs for adults with ID. This article describes the development and components of POWERS.sub.forID. The overall aim is to assess usability and feasibility of POWERS.sub.forID for promoting weight loss for obese adults with ID over the course of a 24-week randomized control trial. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03139760. Registered on XXX Keywords: Weight loss, Intellectual disability, Telehealth, Motivational interviewing
This study examined the role of gender in both implicit and explicit attitudes toward sexuality. Implicit attitudes are judgments or evaluations of social objects that are automatically activated, ...often without the individual's conscious awareness of the causation. In contrast, explicit attitudes are judgments or evaluations that are well established in awareness. As described in Oliver and Hyde's (1993) meta-analysis of self-report (explicit) data, women report greater negative attitudes toward sexuality than do men. In the current study, we used the Sexual Opinion Survey (SOS) developed by Fisher, Byrne, White, and Kelley (1988) to index explicit attitudes and the Implicit Association Test (IAT) developed by Greenwald, McGhee, and Schwartz (1998) to index implicit attitudes. Research has demonstrated that the IAT reveals attitudes that participants may be reluctant to express. Independent variables examined were participant gender, social acceptability of sexual words, and order of associated evaluations in the IAT (switching from positive to negative evaluations or the reverse). The IAT data revealed a significant Order x Gender interaction that showed that women had more negative implicit attitudes toward sexuality than did men. There was also a significant Order x Acceptability interaction, indicating that implicit attitudes were more strongly revealed when the sexual words used in the IAT were more socially unacceptable. As expected, on the SOS, women had more negative explicit attitudes toward sexuality. There was no significant correlation between explicit and implicit attitudes. These data suggest that at both automatic (implicit) and controlled (explicit) levels of attitudes, women harbor more negative feelings toward sex than do men.
This investigation studied eating disorder symptoms & psychosocial correlates of eating disorders among heterosexual females, lesbians, heterosexual males, & gay males. The dependent variables of the ...study measured depression, concern for physical appearance, personal evaluation of physical appearance, perceived sociocultural pressure for thinness, media influences promoting thinness, & over-concern with body size/shape. A sample of 412 young adults was studied, including 97 heterosexual males, 116 heterosexual females, 110 gay males, & 89 lesbians. Heterosexual females were found to report the highest level of eating disorder symptoms & concern with body size/shape. Heterosexual males reported the lowest level of eating disorder symptoms & concern with body size/shape, with gay males & lesbians falling between these two groups. Lesbians reported the least concern for physical appearance. Of the variables that were studied, over concern with body size/shape was the strongest psychosocial correlate of eating disorder symptoms in heterosexual females, gay males, & lesbians. We concluded that eating disorder symptoms & concerns about body size were similar for heterosexual females, gay males, & lesbians, but were quite different for heterosexual males. 3 Tables, 43 References. Adapted from the source document.
ABSTRACT
We investigate the ability of human ‘expert’ classifiers to identify strong gravitational lens candidates in Dark Energy Survey like imaging. We recruited a total of 55 people that completed ...more than 25 per cent of the project. During the classification task, we present to the participants 1489 images. The sample contains a variety of data including lens simulations, real lenses, non-lens examples, and unlabelled data. We find that experts are extremely good at finding bright, well-resolved Einstein rings, while arcs with g-band signal to noise less than ∼25 or Einstein radii less than ∼1.2 times the seeing are rarely recovered. Very few non-lenses are scored highly. There is substantial variation in the performance of individual classifiers, but they do not appear to depend on the classifier’s experience, confidence or academic position. These variations can be mitigated with a team of 6 or more independent classifiers. Our results give confidence that humans are a reliable pruning step for lens candidates, providing pure and quantifiably complete samples for follow-up studies.
This article seeks to advance our understanding of the influence of attack advertising on the public in two ways. First, we examine whether the content of individuals' memory differs when exposed to ...positive or attack ads. Critics of attack advertising fear that "negativity" has pernicious effects on the citizenry, ranging from lessening people's faith in the political process to decreasing people's willingness to participate in elections. This article extends this general line of inquiry. How do attacks affect memory? Do they lead people to remember more things about the ads? Do they affect the accuracy of people's memories? Questions about memory are important from an information processing perspective, since the stored information is used to guide and shape behavior. We find that subjects' recall as many things about positive ads as attack ads. However, when taking a closer look at what they recall, it turns out that attack ads yield many more inaccurate memories than do positive ads. We discuss the implications of these findings. The second way this research advances the field is that we employ an experimental design that uses radio ads as our stimulus. Nearly all the work in this field has focused on television. Yet radio serves as an invaluable way for candidates to communicate with voters, especially in nonpresidential elections. We are a multimedia society, and we need to broaden our knowledge of the impact of political ads beyond television, especially if we want to forge a better understanding of how advertising works in state and local elections.
Effects of emotional valence on attention have been shown to occur even when stimuli are presented outside awareness. The impact of negative valence on stimulus processing has been demonstrated to be ...particularly salient in anxiety. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that compared to nonanxious individuals, anxious individuals have an enhanced ability to detect the valence of negative stimuli. However, it remains unclear whether anxious individuals are better at identifying the valence of threatening stimuli or, rather, more likely to label ambiguous stimuli as threatening. To investigate these hypotheses, high and low anxious participants categorized lexical stimuli as “safe” or “dangerous.” Stimuli were presented at durations that allowed for both conscious (unmasked) and nonconscious (masked) processing. Results show that on masked trials, anxious individuals evidenced an enhanced ability to correctly classify threatening information, whereas nonanxious participants demonstrated an enhanced ability to correctly classify neutral or positive information. Signal detection analyses indicated results were explained by a response bias, whereby anxious individuals were more likely than nonanxious individuals to categorize masked words as threatening and nonanxious individuals were more likely to categorize masked words as nonthreatening. No group differences for nonword stimuli emerged, suggesting that anxiety-related response bias tendencies are activated only after detection of a weak semantic signal.
This study investigated the effect of previously held rape myth attitudes and the accessibility of those attitudes on attitude change produced by a videotape previously used in successful rape ...prevention programs. Participants were 151 volunteering undergraduate males at a large southern university. Analyses revealed that participants were consistent in their responding over time. These findings argued that the data were reliable. Consistent with previous research, it was found that a commercially available videotape designed to reduce rape myth attitudes was effective. Rape myth attitudes were lower at both the immediate and the subsequent (2 weeks) assessments. The variables of Attitude Accessibility and previously held Rape Myth Attitude Levels were hypothesized to be related to both attitude change and memory for the material designed to change attitudes. However, although rape myth attitudes were lowered, the effect was unrelated to previously held Rape Myth Attitude Level or Attitude Accessibility.
Implicit and explicit memory for sexual, negative emotional, and neutral words using Jacoby's process dissociation framework was investigated. This framework provides estimates of conscious ...(explicit) and automatic (implicit) influences on memory. We found that explicit memory was greater for the sexual words when compared to negative emotional and neutral words and suggest that these results are due to increased saliency of sexual stimuli. Dividing attention did not decrease explicit memory for sexual words, although it did significantly decrease explicit memory for the negative emotional and neutral words. Finally, females used more previously presented emotional words to complete word stems. The genders did not differ in their recall of previously presented sexual and neutral words. A discussion of possible explanations for the various findings is presented.
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