U glavnom gradu EU-a, Bruxellesu, pridružili su se i naši proizvođači mlijeka na dan ukidanja kvota za proizvodnju mlijeka akciji proizvođača mlijeka. Zemlje razvijenog mljekarstva očekuju 20 % ...porasta proizvodnje bez ekonomskih posljedica, no Republika Hrvatska nema takav tržni alat zbog gubitka velikog broja proizvođača, odnosno isporučitelja mlijeka. Kvote ne ugrožavaju Hrvatsku jer odobrena kvota znatno je veća u odnosu na količinu ukupne proizvodnje mlijeka. Prema izvješću Europske komisije iz prosinca 2013., zbog loših klimatskih prilika i visokih troškova stočne hrane proizvodne kvote EU članica nisu ostvarene za oko 6 %. Dobar primjer su Austrija, Cipar, Poljska i Njemačka te Danska koje su proizvele više od svojih kvota. Zajednička agrarna politika daje praktičnu i organizacijsku potporu za Mliječni paket gdje su određena jasna pravila otkupa mlijeka i njegove cijene u pisanim ugovorima između proizvođača i mljekarske industrije. Tijekom djelovanja sustava kvota restrukturiran je mliječni sektor, odnosno godišnje je proizvodnju napuštalo oko 6 % proizvođača. Poboljšanjem u genetici i učinkovitošću hrane dovodi do povećanja prosječnog prinosa po kravi, iako situacija u tom pogledu znatno varira unutar članica EU-a. Specijalizirane farme u EU-15 članicama ostvaruju prosječan prinos mlijeka od 7300 kg/krava za prosječno stado od 54 krave, dok ostale članice EU-a ostvaruju prosječan prinos mlijeka 5700 kg/krava za prosječno stado 19 krava. Zbog strukture stada ne možemo biti konkurentni farmama u SAD-u sa 115 krava, Australiji sa 258
i Novom Zelandu sa 458 krava.
Programom Vlade Republike Hrvatske za razdoblje od 2011. do 2015. godine te Strate¬gijom razvoja poduzetništva od 2013. do 2020. godine nastao je „Poduzetnički impuls“ 2015. Temeljem takvih programa ...postignuti su pozitivni pomaci te rast ukupnog gospo¬darstva bez obzira na gospodarsku krizu. Sektor malog i srednjeg poduzetništva za 2013. godinu pokazuje porast investicija u visini od 19,83%, čime su i ukupni prihodi porasli za 5,6%, kao i broj zaposlenih te izvoz. Zakonom o trgovačkim društvima, odnosno izmjena¬ma i dopunama, omogućeno je jednostavnije poslovanje, čime se ostvaruje porast broja otvorenih poduzeća. Ministarstvo poduzetništva i obrta Republike Hrvatske naglašava kako je u posljednje tri godine provedbom navedenog Zakona, otvoreno 34.198 tvrtki i 25.818 obrta. Unutar Zakona o obrtu smanjen je iznos obveznog doprinosa za 50% te je ukinut varijabilni dio komorskog doprinosa. Strategija Europa 2020 i Zajednički strateški okvir omogućuju sredstva za kohezijsku politiku Republike Hrvatske s ciljem zapošljava¬nja, povećanja energetske učinkovitosti i iskoristivosti obnovljivih izvora energije, rast ulaganja u istraživanje i razvoj, ulaganje u obrazovanje te smanjenje siromaštva. Aktiv¬nostima Regionalnog centra za razvoj poduzetničkih kompetencija zemalja jugoistočne Europe podiže se svijest svakog pojedinca unutar formalnog i neformalnog obrazovanja. Cjeloživotno učenje važno je za razvoj malog i srednjeg poduzetništva kako bi se postigla što bolja učinkovitost te kako bi se zapošljavale osobe s visokom akademskom kvalifikaci¬jom. Takav obrazovni kadar u potpunosti lakše može dostići konkurentniju razinu pojedi¬nih proizvoda i usluga te učinkovitiji poslovni model u pogledu inovacija.
Women entrepreneurs are largely behind the number of men involved in entrepreneurial activities of individual countries, but we can also distinguish between countries where women’s entrepreneurship ...is an extremely dynamic segment within the small business sector. In the world most of the companies are in majority ownership of women, while in Europe, women make up half the population, but only a third are represented in entrepreneurship. Croatia is on the 28th place of women’s participation in entrepreneurship from a possible 32 countries covered by the project. Women and men are burdened with numerous obstacles within the enterprise such as the underground economy, difficult access to financial resources, lack of liquidity, etc. The differences are that female entrepreneurship has a lack of support from society in the organization of family life, then the traditional understanding of the role of women within the enterprise, as well as some competition. Nowadays working environment requires emotional stamina and resistance to frustration, and women are just such a character because they have self-control, stability, expressed in attitudes, they do not make decisions quickly, and therefore such decisions are slower, but better and more rational. It is also important to note that women are not included in the large investment ventures, but these are jobs that women entrepreneurs create more stable and long-lasting. Timely information and knowledge and their exchange at all levels is the need for networking of women. It is for such reasons women in entrepreneurial ventures require the support of the government of a country, as well as the support of international organizations. We distinguish between women entrepreneurs that are due to the crisis entered the selfemployment program to ensure the existence and women entrepreneurs who are very successful in the corporate environment, but they want much more than that, like starting your own business ideas which can ultimately be very successful. It is very difficult to balance work and personal commitments, therefore, this that should be encourage are flexible working educational institutions of preschool children, as well as parental leave for fathers. In the world of entrepreneurship women actually represent a minority, it needs a huge support for their potential to be expressed, proved and realized . In recent years, according to statistics, about 30 percent of companies in the Republic of Croatia is majority-owned by women, which is in the European level. The previous strategy of encouraging female entrepreneurship shows progress, but not enough, so the new strategies of female entrepreneurship are being prepared by 2020. that puts the emphasis on greater involvement of women in the business world.
Zelena ekonomija Gašić, Marina
Učenje za poduzetništvo,
06/2013, Letnik:
3, Številka:
1
Paper
Odprti dostop
Budućnost razvitka i napretka se ogleda u zelenoj ekonomiji, jer ista osigurava pravedniju raspodjelu resursa i sredstava, smanjuje siromaštvo i nejednakosti u društvu. Također, zelena ekonomija, ...svakako je bolje pripremljena na učinke klimatskih promjena, te bolje gospodari prirodnim resursima. K tome ide u prilog informacija kako u svijetu ima oko 2,5 milijuna zaposlenih u sektoru obnovljivih izvora. Nadalje, veoma je bitan energetski potencijal biomase koji je uvijek prisutan, bez obzira na vremenske prilike, odnosno neprilike. Primjerice, jedan hektar kukuruzne silaže može osigurati proizvodnju bioplina od oko 10 000 m³, odnosno 22 000 kWh struje i oko 25 000 kWh toplinske energije. Drugi, također značajan primjer je stajnjaka, gdje je od četiri mliječne krave moguće godišnje proizvesti oko 2 200 m³ bioplina, odnosno 5 200 kWh struje i oko 5 800 kWh toplinske energije. Ovakvom proizvodnjom, iz čega proizlazi cilj ovoga rada, nastaje neutralna energija te značajna količina bio gnojiva kojim se smanjuje intenzitet upotrebe mineralnih gnojiva.
U današnjem vremenu globalizacije gdje je velika dostupnost informacija, znanja, roba i usluga, ali i gdje je izuzetno velika konkurencija, suvremeni bi poduzetnik, kako bi uspio na zahtjevnom ...tržištu, trebao posvetiti pažnju vanjskoj trgovini. Vanjska trgovina suvremenom poduzetniku pruža mogućnosti uvoza potrebnih resursa koji mu nisu dostupni ili su skuplji na domaćem tržištu te plasiranje roba i usluga na inozemno tržište gdje može postići bolje cijene i gdje je veća potražnja. U radu su objašnjene novije teorije vanjske trgovine u kojima autori nastoje objasniti funkcioniranje suvremene vanjske trgovine u različitim uvjetima poput stanja gospodarstva, dostupnosti resursa ili odnosu ponude i potražnje za proizvodom.
U okviru ocenjivanja fizičkog razvitka na osnovu podataka dobijenih antropologijskim merenjima, između ostalog, često se koriste i različiti indeksi koji ukazuju na telesne proporcije. Analizom ...telesnih proporcija, koje predstavljaju odnos dve antropometrijske mere prvenstveno date istim mernim jedinicama, bavili su se brojni autori pri izučavanju fizičkog razvitka dece i omladine (Necrasov, Cristescu, 1968; Twiesselmann, 1969; M. Stojanović, A. Hošek, K. Momirović, R. Medved, 1978) i sportista (K. Momirović, M. Stojanović, A. Hošek, V. Pavišić - Medved, R. Medved, 1978), Kao i izučavanje na području ergonomije (M. Gašić, 1979). U pomenutim radovima, međutim, korišćeni su indeksi izvedeni iz aritmetičkih sredina dve antropometrijske mere. čime se nije mogao dobiti uvid u veličine raspona ovih indeksa.
Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja da se prouče specifičnosti telesnih proporcija žena i muškaraca i veličine raspona primenjenih indeksa.
Introduction Plants respond to water stress with a variety of physiological and biochemical changes, but their response varies among species, varieties and cultivars. Waterlogging in tomato reduces ...plant growth, degrade chlorophyll and increase concentration of oxidative parameters. Priming can alleviate stress in plants caused by waterlogging enabling plants to be more tolerant to an additional stress in the current or even subsequent generation. The aim of this study was to evaluate tomato genotypes for their sensitivity to waterlogging stress applied during early vegetative growth and at full flowering stage. Materials and methods The study included two local genotypes, Trebinjski sitni (GB1126) and Žuti (GB1129), and the reference variety Novosadski jabučar (NJ), which is the variety most commonly used in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The activity of class III peroxidase (POX), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) content and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured spectrophotometrically, and for quantification of individual phenolic compounds, targeted approach was adopted, using UHPLC/DAD/(-)HESI-MS 2 instrument (Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system with a DAD detector, configured with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer TSQ Quantum Access Max (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germany)). Results and discussion Oxidative parameters (H 2 O 2 and MDA) exhibited an increase in content in leaves of tomato plants that underwent waterlogging stress compared to control plants. Moreover, oxidative parameters showed positive correlation with proteins and phenolics content. The obtained correlations can indicate that one of the response strategies of tomato plants to waterlogging is the increased synthesis of proteins and phenolic compounds. The POX activity was not correlated with other parameters except with the polyphenols. A positive correlation was shown between POX activity and the content of phenolic compounds, indicating their independent roles in the removal of ROS. Changes in the phenolic profiles after the exposure of plants to waterlogging stress are recorded, and these changes were more severe in leaves and fruits of GB1129 and NJ genotypes than in GB1126. Thus, genotype GB1126 is the most efficient in maintaining the phenolic profiles of leaves and fruits, and therefore of the nutritive and organoleptic qualities of fruits following the exposure to waterlogging. Also, genotype GB1126 exhibited the ability to maintain the content of oxidative parameters during waterlogging at certain growth stages, implying certain waterlogging tolerance. Conclusion Waterlogging triggered stress memory but not at all growth stages. The most pronounced stress memory was obtained in fruit samples in the phase of full fruit maturity on the 1 st truss. This study shed light on the defense mechanisms of tomato plants to repeated waterlogging stress from the perspectives of the changes in the composition of major phenolics, and pointed to the 5- O -caffeoylquinic acid and rutin as the chemical markers of the waterlogging stress tolerance in tomato. However, it remains to be determined whether this modulation has a positive or negative effect on the overall plant metabolism. Further investigations are needed to fully elucidate the benefits of waterlogging pretreatment in this context.
The current study aimed to phytochemically characterize (including a detailed phenolic profile) two endemic Balkan's species (Hieracium waldsteinii and Onosma stellulata) and determine their possible ...application as a source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. The main phenolic compound in both species (in all examined parts) was chlorogenic acid. Eriodictyol, genistein and naringenin were quantified only in H. waldsteinii while isorhamnetin‐3‐O‐rutinoside and sinapic acid were characteristic for O. stellulata. The highest antioxidant activity (98 mg AAE/g dry weight for TAC assay) was ascribed to the flower extract of H. waldsteinii while the lowest results (∼4.3 mg AAE/g dry weight for FRP assay) were exhibited by the extracts obtained from the plant's stem. Antimicrobial assays showed moderate antibacterial, i. e., moderate/strong activity against several tested fungi (in particular Trichoderma viride). Correlation analysis revealed strong positive connection between phenolic compounds and reducing power of extracts as well as between total phenolic and flavonoid content and the obtained minimal inhibitory concentration recorded in antibacterial assays.
This study was aimed at investigating the phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of rhizomes, above‐ground vegetative parts and flowers of three Iris species: Iris humilis Georgi, Iris ...pumila L. and Iris variegata L. UHPLC‐Orbitrap MS analysis was used for determination of phytochemical profile. Total pigments, phenolics, flavonoids, soluble sugars and starch content as well as ABTS antioxidant capacity were also determined. In total, 52 phenolics compounds were identified with 9 compounds (derivatives of iriflophenone, apigenin C‐glycosides, luteolin O‐glycoside, isoflavones derivatives of iristectorigenin, dichotomitin, nigracin and irilone) never reported before in Iris spp. Differences in phenolic composition profile, pigments, soluble sugar, starch, total phenolics and flavonoids content and total antioxidant capacity were found among Iris species and different part of plants. Significant correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity was determined. The obtained results are comparable with those obtained for medical plants. These findings could be useful for fingerprinting characterization of Iris species and estimation of possible use in pharmaceutical industries.
Without being aware of its chemical makeup, many ancient societies have used Steppe peony in their traditional medicine. Given that modern phytopreparation intended for use on human skin requires, ...above all, knowledge of its chemical composition, the goal of this study was to make a screening of the composition of aqueous and methanolic extracts of the petals of
L. and to examine them for various skin-beneficial properties. The extracts were prepared by maceration, ultrasound-assisted, and microwave-assisted extraction procedures. The chemical profiling was conducted by the use of UHPLC-LTQ-OrbiTrap MS and UHPLC/MS, and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents. The biological activities entailed antioxidant ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC (Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity), and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assays, antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) and antibiofilm activities, cytotoxicity, wound healing potential, as well as the adhesion and invasion of
. The results showed that the petals are rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids, which are commonly associated with numerous biological activities. The aqueous extracts were more efficient in the majority of the bioactivity assays then the methanolic ones, whereas the optimal extraction method varied between the assays. This study is the first step towards the safe use of the aqueous extracts of
petals for therapeutic skin treatments.
PDF
