Javna televizija prisutna je u svakoj europskoj zemlji i njezin se položaj na tržištu mijenjao tijekom procesa tranzicije iz monopola u oligopol, te dalje prema tržištu monopolističke konkurencije. U ...većini tranzicijskih zemalja Europske unije taj je proces započeo početkom 1990-ih, a danas javna televizija predstavlja samo jednog igrača na tržištu. Ovaj rad analizira položaj javne televizije u 8 zemalja: Bugarskoj, Hrvatskoj, Češkoj, Mađarskoj, Poljskoj, Rumunjskoj, Slovačkoj i Sloveniji za razdoblje od 1995. do 2019. godine. Cilj je analizirati promjene u udjelu koji javna televizija ima u tim zemljama, kao i usporediti položaj javne televizije u ovih 8 zemalja. To se analizira pomoću deskriptivne statistike primijenjene na podatke o gledanosti. Gledanost predstavlja tržišni udio i analizira se na razini pojedinog javnog TV kanala. Zemlje su dalje podijeljene u tri skupine, one s jakom, srednje jakom i slabom javnom televizijom. Uz to, analiza koncentracije na temelju HHI pokazat će koliko su slična ili različita analizirana tržišta. Rezultati pokazuju da je tržišna moć javne televizije pala u promatranom razdoblju. Unatoč tome, u većini od 8 analiziranih zemalja javna televizija i dalje ima značajnu ulogu na tržištu.
Public television is present in every European country, and it position on the market has been changing during the process of transition from monopoly to oligopoly and further towards monopolistic ...competition market. In most transition countries of the European Union, this process started in early 1990s and today public television represents only one player on the market. This paper analyzes the position of public television in 8 countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia for the period from 1995 till 2019. The goal of this research is to analyze the changes in the market share of public television, as well as to compare public television position in these 8 countries. This will be done by applying descriptive statistic methods on the data about audience. The audience represents the market share, and it is analyzed on the level of each public TV channel. Countries are further divided into three groups, those with strong, middle and weak position of public television. Additionally, concentration analysis based on HHI will show how similar or different these markets are. The results show that the market power of public television has fallen in the analyzed period. Despite of that, in the majority of the 8 analyzed countries, public television still plays an important role on the market.
Javna televizija prisutna je u svakoj europskoj zemlji i njezin se položaj na tržištu mijenjao tijekom procesa tranzicije iz monopola u oligopol, te dalje prema tržištu monopolističke konkurencije. U većini tranzicijskih zemalja Europske unije taj je proces započeo početkom 1990-ih, a danas javna televizija predstavlja samo jednog igrača na tržištu. Ovaj rad analizira položaj javne televizije u 8 zemalja: Bugarskoj, Hrvatskoj, Češkoj, Mađarskoj, Poljskoj, Rumunjskoj, Slovačkoj i Sloveniji za razdoblje od 1995. do 2019. godine. Cilj je analizirati promjene u udjelu koji javna televizija ima u tim zemljama, kao i usporediti položaj javne televizije u ovih 8 zemalja. To se analizira pomoću deskriptivne statistike primijenjene na podatke o gledanosti. Gledanost predstavlja tržišni udio i analizira se na razini pojedinog javnog TV kanala. Zemlje su dalje podijeljene u tri skupine, one s jakom, srednje jakom i slabom javnom televizijom. Uz to, analiza koncentracije na temelju HHI pokazat će koliko su slična ili različita analizirana tržišta. Rezultati pokazuju da je tržišna moć javne televizije pala u promatranom razdoblju. Unatoč tome, u većini od 8 analiziranih zemalja javna televizija i dalje ima značajnu ulogu na tržištu.
The liberalization of television markets and the emergence of commercial channels has changed the position of public television, bringing an end to monopolies. Public television now competes for ...audiences with private television. In this paper, the authors analyze the changes to the market position of public television in Germany, Spain, France, the United Kingdom (UK), and Italy between 1995 and 2019. In this 25-year period, all of these countries have had a liberalized TV market. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the ways in which public television competes with commercial television, assessing the consequences of this on market power. This analysis allows us to detect similarities and dissimilarities between public television and television markets in large Western European countries. The results show the decline of the market share of public television in all countries, except Germany. Furthermore, public television has remained market leading in all countries, with the exception of Spain. One of the ways to compete with commercial television is to start new public channels and acquire a large audience.
•Paper analyses public television vs commercial television.•Germany, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy are analyzed for period 1995–2019.•We detect similarities and dissimilarities and future projection.
This paper analyses the development of the television (TV) markets in Germany and Croatia from previous times of monopoly to the current situation of oligopoly. This paper presents trend data ...pertaining to the market shares of each TV channel, allowing for the calculation of market concentration indicators (concentration ratio C3 and the Herfindahl-Hirschmann index) on two levels: the level of channel and the level of the group. This demonstrates the difference in the fall of market concentration - despite the increasing number of channels and a significant decrease in the level of concentration on the level of the channel, the concentration of the group level decreases at a much slower rate. Using annually recorded data, this paper estimates eight trend models for market concentration in the German and Croatian TV markets. In both countries, three leading groups control 80 to 90% of the entirety of the TV market. Similarities in the German and Croatian TV markets are characteristic of the oligopolistic market structure, in which there are three main players and a larger number of smaller participants.
•Croatian TV market is similar to the German one, but with a time-lag.•Television market in Croatia is between oligopoly and monopolistic competition.•TV market in Germany is monopolistic competition with high number of channels.•German and Croatian TV markets are both dominated by three main groups.•Concentration levels on TV markets in Germany and Croatia are falling.
The television market can be one of the most dynamic industries if country-specific regulations allow for private competitors to enter the market. The entry of competition changes the market from ...monopolistic to oligopolistic, which has positive performance implications for the industry. Our research analyzes the development of the Croatian TV market from the monopolistic stage to the current oligopolistic stage. Econometric models in this article aim to estimate the current trend of market concentration and its future potential. The authors' research focusing on the industry from a market concentration perspective provides guidance for the practitioner in regard to profitable investment opportunities. They also illustrate for other transitional economies that to move toward a "free" society, media must be free from government control which will evolve rapidly once privatized.
Education on all levels faced a significant threat due to the Covid-19 pandemic that started in 2020. On one hand, it was impossible to keep the education processes going the same way as before, and ...on other hand no one could imagine stopping all education processes for a longer period. The key role in the field of education was played by the informatics technology. The solution was found in online learning using different platforms for communication in the real time. Although having classes in completely new circumstances was something new and unknown, both students and teachers have come to the point where they cannot wait for the time of returning to physical classes. This paper aims to detect the student attitudes to the online learning comparing it to the traditional learning at the university. Using a survey on a sample of 276 respondents, two main hypotheses are confirmed: Students prefer the traditional way of teaching to the online teaching and Better students appreciate more the traditional teaching than under average students. The sample is distributed among all years of the study, from the first year of bachelor study to the final year of the master study. The main aim of this research is to detect how satisfied the students are with the online classes, compared to the traditional teaching methods onsite. The results show that 52.9% of students prefer onsite classes, and 28.6% prefer online classes. For 65.9% of the respondent online classes are worse than onsite classes and only 19.2% of students consider online classes better. Students with higher average grades are more satisfied with traditional onsite classes, and less satisfied with online classes. This can also be interpreted as the higher satisfaction with online classes for under average student and their lower satisfaction with traditional classes.
DEVELOPING GREEN CENTRAL BANKING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION Galetić, Fran; Ivanov, Marijana
Proceedings of FEB Zagreb International Odyssey Conference on Economics and Business,
06/2023, Letnik:
5, Številka:
1
Conference Proceeding
The financial sector, including central banks, can have an important role in supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy and mitigating the risks associated with climate change. The purpose of ...the paper is to give a brief overview of selected researches on the field ofgreen central banking and to examine how central banks integrate green initiatives into their operations and practices to address climate-related risks within their core policy frameworks. Since the European Union has set ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and speed up transition to a low-carbon economy through its European Green Deal, the focus of the paper is to explore the development of green central banking in the EU, including the challenges and opportunities that this presents. The research pointed out many advantages of green central banking, but also limitations. Central banks have a limited set of policy tools at their disposal to promote environmental sustainability. They may not be able to directly regulate carbon emissions. Policies that discourage investments in fossil fuel companies could have a negative impact on economic growth and price stability. Additionally, incorporating climate risks and sustainability factors into financial regulation could increase complexity and compliance costs for financial institutions, potentially leading to unintended consequences. There are also other challenges associated with the development of green central banking. Central banks must ensure that their efforts to promote environmental sustainability do not compromise their primary objectives of maintaining price stability andfinancial stability. This requires careful consideration and analysis of the impact of environmental sustainability on the economy and financial system.
PDF
