The activation of innate immunity by various factors (e.g. lipopolysaccharide and complements) plays an important role in initiating and promoting alcoholic liver injury via the stimulation of ...Kupffer cells to induce oxidative stress and to produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines (e.g. tumor necrosis factor TNF‐α) that cause hepatocellular damage. Accumulating evidence suggests that the activation of innate immunity also stimulates Kupffer cells to produce the hepatoprotective cytokine interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 during alcoholic liver injury. IL‐6 protects against alcoholic liver injury via the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and the subsequent induction of a variety of hepatoprotective genes in hepatocytes. IL‐10 inhibits alcoholic liver inflammation via the activation of STAT3 in Kupffer cells/macrophages and the subsequent inhibition of liver inflammation. Recent studies have suggested that IL‐10 may play a dual role in controlling ethanol‐induced steatosis and liver injury via the inhibition of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine TNF‐α, thereby ameliorating alcoholic liver injury, or via the inhibition of the hepatoprotective cytokine IL‐6, thereby potentiating alcoholic liver injury. IL‐22 is another important hepatoprotective cytokine that protects against acute and chronic alcoholic liver injury by binding to a receptor complex composed of IL‐10R2 and IL‐22R chains on the surfaces of hepatocytes. Finally, IL‐22 treatment is a potential therapeutic option for treating severe forms of alcoholic liver disease because of its antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antisteatotic, proliferative, and antimicrobial effects, as well as the potential added benefit of few side effects.
Multi-label image recognition is a practical and challenging task compared to single-label image classification. However, previous works may be suboptimal because of a great number of object ...proposals or complex attentional region generation modules. In this paper, we propose a simple but efficient two-stream framework to recognize multi-category objects from global image to local regions, similar to how human beings perceive objects. To bridge the gap between global and local streams, we propose a multi-class attentional region module which aims to make the number of attentional regions as small as possible and keep the diversity of these regions as high as possible. Our method can efficiently and effectively recognize multi-class objects with an affordable computation cost and a parameter-free region localization module. Over three benchmarks on multi-label image classification, our method achieves new state-of-the-art results with a single model only using image semantics without label dependency. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed method is extensively demonstrated under different factors such as global pooling strategy, input size and network architecture. Code has been made available at https://github.com/gaobb/MCAR .
The liver is the largest solid organ in the body and has many unique immunological properties, including induction of immune tolerance, strong innate immunity, poor adaptive immune response versus ...overreactive autoimmunity and hematopoiesis in the fetal liver. Thus, the liver has been proposed as ＇an immunological organ＇. Although the primary functions of the liver are not traditionally considered to be immunological, the liver also performs many essential immune tasks. For example, hepatocytes are responsible for the production of 80-90% of the circulating innate immunity proteins in the body,
Deep Label Distribution Learning With Label Ambiguity Gao, Bin-Bin; Xing, Chao; Xie, Chen-Wei ...
IEEE transactions on image processing,
2017-June, 2017-Jun, 2017-6-00, 20170601, Letnik:
26, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Convolutional neural networks (ConvNets) have achieved excellent recognition performance in various visual recognition tasks. A large labeled training set is one of the most important factors for its ...success. However, it is difficult to collect sufficient training images with precise labels in some domains, such as apparent age estimation, head pose estimation, multilabel classification, and semantic segmentation. Fortunately, there is ambiguous information among labels, which makes these tasks different from traditional classification. Based on this observation, we convert the label of each image into a discrete label distribution, and learn the label distribution by minimizing a Kullback-Leibler divergence between the predicted and ground-truth label distributions using deep ConvNets. The proposed deep label distribution learning (DLDL) method effectively utilizes the label ambiguity in both feature learning and classifier learning, which help prevent the network from overfitting even when the training set is small. Experimental results show that the proposed approach produces significantly better results than the state-of-the-art methods for age estimation and head pose estimation. At the same time, it also improves recognition performance for multi-label classification and semantic segmentation tasks.
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and can lead to fibrosis and cirrhosis. The latest surveillance report published by the National Institute on Alcohol ...Abuse and Alcoholism showed that liver cirrhosis was the 12th leading cause of death in the United States, with a total of 29,925 deaths in 2007, 48% of which were alcohol related. The spectrum of ALD includes simple steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and superimposed hepatocellular carcinoma. Early work on the pathogenesis of the disease focused on ethanol metabolism–associated oxidative stress and glutathione depletion, abnormal methionine metabolism, malnutrition, and production of endotoxins that activate Kupffer cells. We review findings from recent studies that have characterized specific intracellular signaling pathways, transcriptional factors, aspects of innate immunity, chemokines, epigenetic features, microRNAs, and stem cells that are associated with ALD, improving our understanding of its pathogenesis. Despite this progress, no targeted therapies are available. The cornerstone of treatment for alcoholic hepatitis remains as it was 40 years ago: abstinence, nutritional support, and corticosteroids. There is an urgent need to develop new pathophysiology-oriented therapies. Recent translational studies of human samples and animal models have identified promising therapeutic targets.
•Biochar/AlOOH nanocomposite was produced from biomass through pyrolysis.•AlOOH particles on biochar surfaces are nanosized.•Biochar matrix is mesoporous with average pore size of 50nm.•Biochar/AlOOH ...nanocomposite effectively removed tested contaminants.
In this work, a biochar based composite material with AlOOH nano-flakes was fabricated from AlCl3 pretreated biomass through slow pyrolysis in a N2 environment at 600°C. Physicochemical properties of the biochar/AlOOH nanocomposite were studied systematically with several commonly used material characterization instruments, including electron microscopes and X-ray techniques. Structure and morphology analysis of the sample showed that the AlOOH particles/flakes are nanosized and uniformly grow on the carbon surface within the pores of the biochar. Laboratory batch sorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption ability of the biochar/AlOOH nanocomposite to three representative aqueous contaminants: arsenic, methylene blue, and phosphate. The adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics data suggested that the biochar/AlOOH nanocomposite is an excellent multifunctional adsorbent that can effectively remove all these contaminants from aqueous solutions.
The t(8;21) fusion product, AML1/ETO, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) form a feed-forward transcription loop that cooperatively transactivates the DNA methyltransferase 3a gene promoter that ...leads to DNA hypermethylation and drives leukemia cell growth. Suppression of the RNA N
-methyladenosine (m
A)-reader enzyme YTH N
-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2 (YTHDF2) specifically compromises cancer stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but promotes hematopoietic stem cell expansion without derailing normal hematopoiesis. However, the relevance of expression between AML1/ETO-HIF1α loop and YTHDF2, and its functional relationship with t(8;21) AML have not been documented. Here, we show that YTHDF2 is highly expressed in t(8;21) AML patients and associated with a higher risk of relapse and inferior relapse-free survival. Knockdown of YTHDF2 in leukemia cells causes an impaired cell proliferation rate in vitro and in mice. Mechanistically, HIF1α is able to bind to the hypoxia-response elements of the 5'-untranslated region of the YTHDF2 gene and promotes the transactivity of the YTHDF2 promoter. Knockdown and overexpression of either AML1/ETO or HIF1α resulted in decreased and increased YTHDF2 protein and mRNA expression in t(8;21) AML cells. In particular, knockdown of YTHDF2 resulted in increased global mRNA m
A levels in t(8;21) AML cells, accompanied by increased TNF receptor superfamily member 1b (TNFRSF1b) mRNA and protein expression levels. Last, we demonstrated that the m
A methylation and expression levels of the TNFRSF1b gene were both negatively correlated with HIF1α expression levels. In conclusion, YTHDF2 is a downstream target of the AML1/ETO-HIF1α loop and promotes cell proliferation probably by modulating the global m
A methylation in t(8;21) AML.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are harmful for human and surrounding ecosystem, and a great number of VOC abatement technologies have been developed during the past few decades. However, the ...single method has some problems such as high energy consumption, unfriendly environment, and low removal efficiency. Recently, the integration of adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of VOCs is considered as a promising one. Carbon material, with large surface area, high adsorption capacity, and fast electron transfer ability, is widely used in integrated adsorptive-photocatalytic removal of VOCs. It is thus crucial to digest and summarize recent research advances in carbon-based nanocomposites as the adsorbent-photocatalyst for VOC removal. To satisfy this need, this work provides a critical review of the related literature with focuses on: (1) the advantages and disadvantages of various carbon-based nanocomposites for the applications of VOC adsorption and photocatalytic degradation; (2) models and mechanisms of adsorptive-photocatalytic removal of VOCs according to the material properties; and (3) major factors controlling adsorption-photocatalysis processes of VOCs. The review is aimed to establish the “structure-property-application” relationships for the development of innovative carbon-supported nanocomposites and to promote future research on the integrated adsorptive and photocatalytic removal of VOCs.
•The advantages and disadvantages of carbon-supported hybrids were discussed.•Adsorption and photocatalytic models of VOC removal were reviewed.•The reaction processes and intermediates were proposed.•Major factors controlling adsorptive-photocatalytic reactions were discussed.
This work explored the potential application of an engineered biochar prepared from Mg-enriched tomato tissues to reclaim and reuse phosphate (P) from aqueous solution. Findings from batch sorption ...experiments suggested that, although sorption of P on the biochar was controlled by relatively slow kinetics, the maximum P sorption capacity of the biochar could reach >100 mg·g–1. Mathematical modeling and postsorption characterization results indicated that the sorption was mainly controlled by two mechanisms: precipitation of P through chemical reaction with Mg particles and surface deposition of P on Mg crystals on biochar surfaces. Most of the P retained in the engineered biochar was bioavailable and could be released equally at multiple successive extractions. In addition, the P-laden biochar significantly stimulated grass seed germination and growth. These results suggested the postsorption biochar can be cycled back directly to soils as an effective slow-release P-fertilizer.
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