The primary way of passing down Thang-ga is to carry forward the painting techniques. This paper explores the spiritual significance of Thang-ga’s painting techniques based on the aesthetic culture ...and philosophical ideas that underlie the techniques: as the spiritual significance of Thang-ga determines the procedures of Thang-ga making, each painting step and brushstroke represents the philosophical ideas and the spirit of Tibetan Buddhism. But if techniques are unduly emphasized and Thang-ga’s spiritual significance is neglected, Thang-ga will become mere forms deprived of artistic values.
•Spatiotemporal variation in vegetation on the Loess Plateau was investigated.•Precipitation was the greatest driving factor.•There was a bivariate or nonlinear enhancement between all factors.•Key ...factors' adaptation range or type suitable for vegetation cover was identified.
Vegetation, being a core component of ecosystems, is known to be influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors. Studying vegetation cover dynamics variation and its drivers is critical to understanding the interactions between vegetation and ecosystems. The Loess Plateau (LP) is located in a semi-arid and semi-humid region with severe soil erosion and fragile ecology. This paper used the annual maximum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVIymax) and growing season mean NDVI (NDVIgsmean) as the vegetation cover indicator. The vegetation cover variation of LP from 2000 to 2020 was analyzed using Sen's slope and Mann-Kendall test. Then the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the driving mechanisms of spatial vegetation differentiation was explored by the Geodetector model. The results revealed that the growth trends of NDVIymax and NDVIgsmean were 0.075/10 years and 0.038/10 years, respectively, and the areas with improved vegetation cover accounted for 92.67 % and 88.58 % of the total area. The vegetation cover of the southeastern and northern parts of the LP decreased significantly; however, the central, southwestern, and northeastern parts exhibited a remarkable improvement. Precipitation, vegetation type, soil type, temperature, and land use type were the key driving forces, ranked differently on NDVIymax and NDVIgsmean. However, precipitation was the most critical factor both on NDVIymax and NDVIgsmean. The interaction detection showed non-linear and mutual enhancement, with no independent factor. The findings of our study can assist in identifying the vegetation cover status of the LP, as well as the driving forces, which can provide theoretical support for the formulation of environmental conservation policies.
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) is a multifunctional intracellular protein that was first recognized as an important component of the necroptosis programmed cell death pathway. RIPK3 is ...also highly expressed in non-necroptotic murine embryonic endothelial cells (ECs) during vascular development, indicating its potential contribution to angiogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice lacking endothelial RIPK3 and found non-lethal embryonic and perinatal angiogenesis defects in multiple vascular beds. Our in vitro data indicate that RIPK3 supports angiogenesis by regulating growth factor receptor degradation in ECs. We found that RIPK3 interacted with the membrane trafficking protein myoferlin to sustain expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in cultured ECs following vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) stimulation. Restoration of myoferlin, which was diminished after RIPK3 knockdown, rescued decreased VEGFR2 expression and vascular sprouting in RIPK3-deficient ECs after VEGFA treatment. In addition, we found that RIPK3 modulated expression of genes involved in endothelial identity by inhibiting ERK signaling independently of growth factor receptor turnover. Altogether, our data reveal unexpected non-necroptotic roles for RIPK3 in ECs and evidence that RIPK3 promotes developmental angiogenesis in vivo.
The RNA-guided CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful tool for genome editing, but its targeting scope is limited by the protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM). To expand the target scope, it is crucial to ...develop a CRISPR toolbox capable of recognizing multiple PAMs. Here, using a GFP-activation assay, we tested the activities of 29 type II-C orthologs closely related to Nme1Cas9, 25 of which are active in human cells. These orthologs recognize diverse PAMs with variable length and nucleotide preference, including purine-rich, pyrimidine-rich, and mixed purine and pyrimidine PAMs. We characterized in depth the activity and specificity of Nsp2Cas9. We also generated a chimeric Cas9 nuclease that recognizes a simple N
4
C PAM, representing the most relaxed PAM preference for compact Cas9s to date. These Cas9 nucleases significantly enhance our ability to perform allele-specific genome editing.
•Rising temperature accelerated the mineralization of SOC in permafrost peatlands.•Q10 of SOC mineralization ranged from 2.24 to 4.22 among 7 permafrost peatlands.•SOC mineralization positively ...correlated with soil DOC, NH4+-N, NO3−-N contents.•Substrate availability and microbe drive SOC mineralization in permafrost peatlands.
Permafrost peatlands are important pools of soil carbon. Soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization and its temperature sensitivity in permafrost peatlands are crucial for predictions of soil carbon-climate feedback. However, little is known about the changes in SOC mineralization and its mechanism in response to environmental change in the permafrost peatlands of Northeastern China. We collected seven permafrost peatland soils from Greater and Lesser Khingan Mountains in Northeastern China to investigate how the responses of microbes and labile substrates control the mineralization of SOC in the laboratory incubation study. The results show that temperature and sampling sites affected the mineralization of SOC. Elevated temperatures significantly increased the rate of carbon mineralization across the peatland soils. The mean sensitivity of SOC mineralization to temperature (Q10 value) was 2.96. The increase in substrate availability and microbial abundance in parallel with the increase in temperature is responsible for the high rates of decomposition of the organic carbon pools. We found that the mineralization of soil carbon positively correlated with the concentrations of soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), NH4+-N, NO3−-N, as well as the abundances of bacteria, fungi, methanotrophs and nirK denitrifiers. Moreover, the content of DOC positively correlated with the abundances of soil bacteria, methanotrophs and nirK denitrifiers, indicating that the influences of soil microbial abundances on carbon mineralization were strongly mediated by the availability of carbon substrates. Our findings provide novel insights into the effects of increasing temperatures on the relationship between microbial communities and labile substrates and their roles in carbon decomposition in permafrost peatlands.
Receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3 or RIPK3), the critical executor of cell programmed necrosis, plays essential roles in maintaining immune responses and appropriate tissue homeostasis. ...Although the E3 ligases CHIP and PELI1 are reported to promote RIP3 degradation, however, how post-translational modification regulates RIP3 activity and stability is poorly understood. Here, we identify the tripartite motif protein TRIM25 as a negative regulator of RIP3-dependent necrosis. TRIM25 directly interacts with RIP3 through its SPRY domain and mediates the K48-linked polyubiquitination of RIP3 on residue K501. The RING domain of TRIM25 facilitates the polyubiquitination chain on RIP3, thereby promoting proteasomal degradation of RIP3. Also, TRIM25 deficiency inhibited the ubiquitination of RIP3, thus promoting TNF-induced cell necrosis. Our current finding reveals the regulating mechanism of polyubiquitination on RIP3, which might be a potential therapeutic target for the intervention of RIP3-dependent necrosis-related diseases.
The three-river headwater region (TRHR) supplies the Yangtze, Yellow, and Lantsang rivers, and its ecological environment is fragile, hence it is important to study the surface vegetation cover ...status of the TRHR to facilitate its ecological conservation. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) can reflect the cover status of surface vegetation. The aims of this study are to quantify the spatial heterogeneity of the NDVI, identify the main driving factors influencing the NDVI, and explore the interaction between these factors. To this end, we used the global inventory modeling and mapping studies (GIMMS)-NDVI data from the TRHR from 1982 to 2015 and included eight natural factors (namely slope, aspect, elevation, soil type, vegetation type, landform type, annual mean temperature, and annual precipitation) and three anthropogenic factors (gross domestic product (GDP), population density, and land use type), which we subjected to linear regression analysis, the Mann-Kendall statistical test, and moving t-test to analyze the spatial and temporal variability of the NDVI in the TRHR over 34 years, using a geographical detector model. Our results showed that the NDVI distribution of the TRHR was high in the southeast and low in the northwest. The change pattern exhibited an increasing trend in the west and north and a decreasing trend in the center and south; overall, the mean NDVI value from 1982 to 2015 has increased. Annual precipitation was the most important factor influencing the NDVI changes in the TRHR, and factors, such as annual mean temperature, vegetation type, and elevation, also explained the vegetation coverage status well. The influence of natural factors was generally stronger than that of anthropogenic factors. The NDVI factors had a synergistic effect, exhibiting mutual enhancement and nonlinear enhancement relationships. The results of this study provide insights into the ecological conservation of the TRHR and the ecological security and development of the middle and lower reaches.
•The decomposition of E. vaginatum litter is faster than that of Sphagnum.•Warming could promote decomposition of E. vaginatum and Sphagnum litter.•N addition promoted the decomposition of Sphagnum ...(low N) and vascular litter.•High N concentration inhibited the decomposition of Sphagnum litter.•Microorganisms regulated warming and N addition impacts on litter decomposition.
As one kind of the most important carbon (C) sink in the world, peatlands are sensitive to climate change. The decomposition of litter plays an important role in C fixation and nutrient utilization in peatlands. To reveal the mechanism of response of the litter decomposition to climate warming and the addition of nitrogen (N) in permafrostpeatlands, we selected two typical plants, Eriophorumvaginatum and Sphagnumpalustre, in the permafrost peatland of Da Xing’anling Mountains, China, as the research objects and conducted a 54-day litter decomposition experiment at 10 ℃ and 20 ℃. Three N addition treatments (CK: 0 mg N g−1, N1: 2.5 mg N g−1, and N2: 5 mg N g−1) were established. Our results showed that the E. vaginatum litter decomposed more quickly than that of Sphagnum, and an increase in temperature significantly promoted the litter decomposition and CO2 emission of E. vaginatum and Sphagnum. The addition of N promoted the decomposition of E. vaginatum litter, whereas the decomposition of Sphagnum litter was promoted by the N1 treatment but was inhibited by the N2 treatment. The enzyme activity in both types of litter was inhibited with the increase in temperature. The abundances of bacteria and fungi positively correlated with the decomposition constant and mean CO2 release rate by E. vaginatum and Sphagnum litter, indicating that the effects of temperature and N addition on the decomposition of plant litter were primarily regulated by microorganisms. This study provides a theoretical basis to understand and predict the effects of global climate change on the decomposition of plant litter in boreal peatlands.
Fatty liver syndrome (FLS) is a kind of nutritional metabolic disease in laying hens. Revealing FLS pathogenesis during the early period is what really makes sense for the prevention or nutritional ...regulation strategies. In the study, 9 healthy or naturally occurring early FLS birds were screened based on visual inspection, liver index and morphologic analysis. Liver and fresh cecal content samples were collected. Then transcriptomic and 16S rRNA technologies are applied to investigate hepatic transcriptome and cecum microbiota composition. Unpaired Student t test and some omics methods were used for statistical analysis. Results showed higher liver weight and index were found in FLS group; morphologic analysis indicated that there existed more lipid droplets in the liver of birds with FLS. Based on DESeq2 analysis, there were 229 up- and 487 down-regulated genes in the FLS group, among which most genes related to de novo fatty acid synthesis were up-regulated such as acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that pathways associated with lipid metabolism and liver damage were affected. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of cecum microbiota showed that there was a significant difference between the Con and FLS groups. LEfSe analysis revealed that the relative abundance of Coprococcus, Odoribacter, Collinsella, Turicibacter, YRC22, Enterococcus, Shigella, and Bifidobacterium were down-regulated in the FLS group, whereas the abundance of Bacteroides, Mucispirillum, Butyricicoccus, Campylobacter, Akkermansia, and Clostridium were up-regulated. The KEGG enrichment from differential microbiota suggested that some metabolism-related functions were altered to some extent. Taken together, during the developmental of early fatty liver of laying hens, lipogenesis was enhanced, whereas abnormal metabolism occurs not only in lipid transportation but also in hydrolysis, which caused structural damage to the liver organ. Moreover, the dysbiosis of the cecum microbiota occurred. All of these serve as targets or provide theoretical references for the development of probiotics for fatty liver prevention in laying hens.
Abstract
Indoor testing are performed to explore the charge induction law during the uniaxial compression fracture process of coal samples, and the charge time and frequency domain signals of coal ...samples with different primary fissures are analyzed in the paper. On-site monitoring of charge in different fissures distribution areas of underground coal tunnels, and the charge signals of different drillingdepths in coal seams are analyzed. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of multi-fissured coal samples are less than those of less fissured coal samples, and the Poisson’s ratio is greater than those of less fissured coal samples. The charge induction signal intensity during the fracture process of multi-fissured coal samples is relatively low, but it is concentrated at the low frequency of 0–50 Hz in the compacting elasticity stage. The charge signal intensity during the fracture process of coal samples with less fissure is relatively high, and the charge frequency during the reinforcement damage stage is concentrated at a low frequency of 0–50 Hz. Therefore, the sudden appearance of low-frequency charge signals is more suitable as effective precursor information for the instability and failure of less fissured coal bodies. The average charge intensity is small in the multi-fissured area with a drilling depth of 1–4 m in the coal seam, and the average charge intensity of the coal body with less fissures is larger in the 5–12 m region. The on-site charge monitoring results have good consistency with the indoor test results. This study has guiding significance in setting up a charge monitoring warning index of instability failure in different coal body fissures regions.
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