Although recommendations to prevent COVID-19 healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) have been proposed, data on their effectivity are currently limited.
The aim was to evaluate the effectivity of a ...program of control and prevention of COVID-19 in an academic general hospital in Spain.
We captured the number of COVID-19 cases and the type of contact that occurred in hospitalized patients and healthcare personnel (HCP). To evaluate the impact of the continuous use of a surgical mask among HCP, the number of patients with COVID-19 HAIs and accumulated incidence of HCP with COVID-19 was compared between the preintervention and intervention periods.
Two hundred fifty-two patients with COVID-19 have been admitted to the hospital. Seven of them had an HAI origin (6 in the preintervention period and 1 in the intervention period). One hundred forty-two HCP were infected with SARS-CoV-2. Of them, 22 (15.5%) were attributed to healthcare (2 in the emergency department and none in the critical care departments), and 120 (84.5%) were attributed to social relations in the workplace or during their non-work-related personal interactions. The accumulated incidence during the preintervention period was 22.3 for every 1000 HCP and 8.2 for every 1000 HCP during the intervention period. The relative risk was 0.37 (95% confidence interval, 0.25 to 0.55) and the attributable risk was -0.014 (95% confidence interval, -0.020 to -0.009).
A program of control and prevention of HAIs complemented with the recommendation for the continuous use of a surgical mask in the workplace and social environments of HCP effectively decreased the risk of COVID-19 HAIs in admitted patients and HCP.
This paper aims to present the Integrated Atlas of Mental Health of Catalonia (2010) focusing on: (a) the importance of using a taxonomy-based coding and standard system of data collection when ...assessing health services; and (b) its relevance as a tool for evidence-informed policy.
This study maps all the care-related services for people with mental disorders available in Catalonia in 2010, using the 'Description and Evaluation of Services and Directories in Europe for long-term care' (DESDE-LTC). The unit of analysis is the Basic Stable Input of Care (BSIC), which is the minimal organisation unit composed by a set of inputs with temporal stability. We presented data on: (a) availability of BSICs and their capacity; (b) the adequacy of the provision of care, taking into account availability and accessibility; (c) the evolution of BSCIs from 2002 to 2010; and (d) the perceived relevance of Atlas of Mental Health as a tool for evidence-informed policy.
We identified a total of 639 BSICs. A lack of Health services was detected in highly rural areas, although there was moderate availability of Social Services. Overall, more than 80% of the small mental health areas in Catalonia had an adequate core mental health service. Since 2002 the availability of mental health services has increased. Decision makers found the Atlas a useful and relevant tool for evidence informed policy.
Policy makers can use Atlases to detect gaps and inequities in the provision of care for people with mental health needs.
Polymorphism of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1 loci was performed in fifty-three orthotopic liver graft recipients as well as in 108 unrelated healthy controls. Nonradioactive SSOPs were used to study ...PCR-amplified DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes and biopsied material. The comparison frequency for DQB1 alleles did not reveal any significant differences between the total group of liver recipients and controls. However, when the liver recipients were subgrouped according to their rejection episode manifestations, increased and significant frequencies were observed for HLA-DQB1∗0302 allele in patients showing acute rejection episodes compared to healthy controls or patients without acute rejection. This relationship did not appear influenced by the amino acid β alanine residue in the 57th position. On the other hand, the study of the DRB1 allele frequencies did not show significant differences in any study. These results suggest that HLA-DQB1 genes could be important in the liver graft alloresponses, opening a way to a better understanding of the special tolerance state, normally observed in this type of transplant, leading us to consider the possible HLA-DQB1∗0302 allele effect on tolerance rupture.
Reanalysis of inconclusive exome/genome sequencing data increases the diagnosis yield of patients with rare diseases. However, the cost and efforts required for reanalysis prevent its routine ...implementation in research and clinical environments. The Solve-RD project aims to reveal the molecular causes underlying undiagnosed rare diseases. One of the goals is to implement innovative approaches to reanalyse the exomes and genomes from thousands of well-studied undiagnosed cases. The raw genomic data is submitted to Solve-RD through the RD-Connect Genome-Phenome Analysis Platform (GPAP) together with standardised phenotypic and pedigree data. We have developed a programmatic workflow to reanalyse genome-phenome data. It uses the RD-Connect GPAP's Application Programming Interface (API) and relies on the big-data technologies upon which the system is built. We have applied the workflow to prioritise rare known pathogenic variants from 4411 undiagnosed cases. The queries returned an average of 1.45 variants per case, which first were evaluated in bulk by a panel of disease experts and afterwards specifically by the submitter of each case. A total of 120 index cases (21.2% of prioritised cases, 2.7% of all exome/genome-negative samples) have already been solved, with others being under investigation. The implementation of solutions as the one described here provide the technical framework to enable periodic case-level data re-evaluation in clinical settings, as recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics.
Our aim was to evaluate whether the number of circulating lymphocytes expressing costimulatory molecules can be associated with melanoma prognosis. We determined the concentration of peripheral blood ...lymphocytes, which expressed the CD80/CD86 or CD28/CTLA-4 molecules, in 38 patients with cutaneous melanoma and 27 controls. The number of each cell subset was compared between patients and controls, as well as between groups of patients stratified according to Breslow thickness of the primary tumor (≤ 2 mm vs > 2 mm) or to survival after 3 years. The concentration of circulating lymphocytes expressing the CD80/CD86 molecules was not significantly different between patients and controls. There was a lower number of CD3
+CD8
+CD28
+ cells, as well as a higher CD3
+CD8
+/CD3
+CD8
+CD28
+ cell ratio, in melanoma patients than in controls. Melanoma patients with thinner tumors and those surviving revealed an increase of CD19
+CD80
+ and CD19
+CD80
+CD86
+ cells, as well as a higher concentration of CD3
+CD4
+CD28
+ cells. CD80
+ B cells and a low CD8 suppressor/cytolytic cell ratio correlate with a good prognosis in melanoma. Our findings support our conclusion that CD80
+ B cells may be important antigen presenting cells that can contribute to an antimelanoma immune response and are candidates to be monitored in melanoma patients.
ABSTRACT Background: There are several initiatives to develop systems for the notification of suspected occupational disease (OD) in different autonomous communities in Spain. The objective was to ...describe the status of development and characteristics of these systems implemented by the health authorities. Methods: A cross - sectional descriptive study was carried out on the existence of systems for the information and surveillance of suspected OD, their legal framework, responsible institution and availability of information. A specific meeting was held and a survey was designed and sent to all autonomous communities and autonomous cities (AACC). Information was collected on the existence of a regulatory standard, assigned human resources, notifiers, coverage and number of suspected OD received, processed and recognized. Results: 18 of 19 AACC responded. 10 have developed a suspected OD notification system, 3 of them supported by specific autonomic law. The notifiers were physicians of the public health services, physicians of the occupational health services and, in 2 cases, medical inspectors. 7 AACC had specific software to support the system. The OD recognition rate of suspected cases was 53% in the Basque Country; 41% in Castilla-La Mancha; 36% in Murcia; 32.6% in the Valencian Community and 31% in La Rioja. Conclusions: The study has revealed an heterogeneous development of suspected OD reporting systems in Spain. Although the trend is positive, only 55% of the AACC have some type of development and 39% have specific software supporting it. Therefore unequal OD recognition rates have been obtained depending on the territory.
RESUMEN Fundamentos: En algunas comunidades autónomas (CCAA) existen diversas iniciativas para conocer la comunicación de las sospechas de enfermedades profesionales (EP) a las autoridades sanitarias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir el grado de desarrollo y características de los sistemas puestos en marcha desde las administraciones sanitarias a nivel autonómico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal para conocer los sistemas de información y vigilancia de las enfermedades laborales, marco legal, institución responsable y disponibilidad de la información. Se celebró una reunión y se diseñó una encuesta que se remitió a todas las CCAA y ciudades autónomas. Se recogió información sobre si existían o no normas reguladoras, asignación de recursos humanos, los profesionales responsables de la notificación, la cobertura y el número de sospechas de EP recibidas, tramitadas y reconocidas. Resultados: Respondieron 17 CCAA y 1 ciudad autónoma. Tenían desarrollados sistemas de comunicación de sospecha de EP 10 de ellas, de los cuales 3 se apoyaban en una norma legal autonómica específica. Los profesionales responsables de la notificación fueron médicos/as de los servicios públicos de salud, de los servicios de prevención y 2 de las inspecciones sanitarias. 7 CCAA disponían de aplicación informática para dar soporte al sistema. La tasa de reconocimiento de EP de las sospechas tramitadas fue del 53% en el País Vasco, del 41% en Castilla-La Mancha, del 36% en Murcia, del 32,6% en la Comunidad Valenciana y 31 % en La Rioja. Conclusiones: El estudio pone de manifiesto un desarrollo desigual de los sistemas de declaración de sospecha de EP en España. Aunque la tendencia es positiva, so lo la mitad de las CCAA tienen algún sistema de comunicación aunque no todos disponen de una aplicación informática para gestionarlo, obteniéndose tasas de reconocimiento de EP desiguales entre las comunidades autónomas.
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), the main monohydroxylated of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) formed in liver and excreted in the milk, has toxicological proprieties comparable to those of AFB1, albeit a lower carcinogenic ...potency. The presence of AFM1 was investigated in 30 samples of powdered milk purchased in Argentina and Brazil. The samples were analyzed using an immunoaffinity column for cleanup and HPLC-FLD for determining AFM1. The quantification limit was 0.1 μg/kg. AFM1 was found in all the samples at levels ranging from 0.1 to 0.92 μg kg−1 with average concentration of 0.39 μg kg−1.
•Survey of aflatoxin M1 in powder milk.•Measurement of the AFM1 by HPLC.•Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in Argentina and Brazil.
In liver transplantion, rejection is still an important problem, and the role of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) has not been clearly established. At present, the possible involvement of HLA-C antigen ...in liver transplantation is still unexplored. The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of HLA-C polymorphism on the outcome of liver transplantation. For this purpose, genotyping of 100 orthotopic liver transplant recipient-donor pairs for HLA-C was performed with polymerase chain reaction–sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSPs). Liver recipients were stratified according to the occurrence of acute rejection. Patients without acute rejection were found to have a lower frequency of the HLA-Cw*06 allele compared with those with acute rejection or the control group. Moreover, when the role of HLA-C dimorphism was analyzed, natural killer (NK)1-alloantigens were found to be predominant in recipients without acute rejection. When the match of HLA-C single alleles and NK-alloantigens between donor and recipient was analyzed, it appeared that the frequency of acute rejection gradually decreased with decrease of the number of allele mismatches. Graft survival was increased when the number of mismatches in both HLA-C or NK-alloantigens was lower. In conclusion, the HLA-C locus may play a role in liver graft alloreactivity or allotolerance and, therefore, may be useful to avoid acute rejection and to achieve graft acceptance, resulting in a better final outcome in liver transplantation. (Liver Transpl 2003;9:218-227.)
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