Objective
Public deliberations are an increasingly popular tool to engage citizens in the development of health policies and programmes. However, limited research has been conducted on how to best ...synthesize and summarize information on health policy issues for citizens. To begin to address this gap, our aim was to map the literature on the preparation of information to support informed citizen deliberations related to health policy issues.
Methods
We conducted a scoping review where two reviewers screened the results of electronic database searches, grey literature searches and hand searches of organizational websites to identify empirical studies, scholarly commentaries, and publicly available organizational documents focused on synthesizing and summarizing information to inform citizen deliberation about health policy issues. Two reviewers categorized each included document according to themes/topics of deliberation, purpose of deliberation and the form of deliberation, and developed a summary of the key findings related to synthesizing and summarizing information to support informed citizen deliberations.
Results
There was limited reporting about whether and how information was synthesized. Evidence was typically organized based on the source used (e.g. by comparing the views of stakeholders or experts) or according to the areas that policymakers need to consider when making decisions (e.g. benefits, harms, costs and stakeholder perspectives related to policy options). Information was presented primarily through written materials (e.g. briefs and brochures), audiovisual resources (e.g. videos or presentations from stakeholders), but some interactive presentation approaches were also identified (e.g. through interactive arts-based approaches).
Conclusions
The choice and framing of information to inform citizen deliberations about health policy can strongly influence their understanding of a policy issue, and has the potential to impact the discussions and recommendations that emerge from deliberations. Our review confirmed that there remains a dearth of literature describing methods of the preparation of information to inform citizen deliberations about health policy issues. This highlights the need for further exploration of optimal strategies for citizen-friendly approaches to synthesizing and summarizing information for deliberations.
FMNL3 is a vertebrate-specific formin protein previously shown to play a role in angiogenesis and cell migration. Here we define the cellular localization of endogenous FMNL3, the dynamics of ...GFP-tagged FMNL3 during cell migration, and the effects of FMNL3 suppression in mammalian culture cells. The majority of FMNL3 localizes in a punctate pattern, with >95% of these puncta being indistinguishable from the plasma membrane by fluorescence microscopy. A small number of dynamic cytoplasmic FMNL3 patches also exist, which enrich near cell-cell contact sites and fuse with the plasma membrane at these sites. These cytoplasmic puncta appear to be part of larger membranes of endocytic origin. On the plasma membrane, FMNL3 enriches particularly in filopodia and membrane ruffles and at nascent cell-cell adhesions. FMNL3-containing filopodia occur both at the cell-substratum interface and at cell-cell contacts, with the latter being 10-fold more stable. FMNL3 suppression by siRNA has two major effects: decrease in filopodia and compromised cell-cell adhesion in cells migrating as a sheet. Overall our results suggest that FMNL3 functions in assembly of actin-based protrusions that are specialized for cell-cell adhesion.
An in situ tribometer utilizing a transparent hemispherical counterface was used to conduct sliding wear tests on Al-Al2O3 composite coatings deposited by cold spray. Direct observation of the wear ...interface via the slider allowed for correlation to be identified between the formation of transfer film and friction changes, wear rates, and the evolution of subsurface structures. It was revealed that the presence of hard particles in the Al-Al2O3 coating stabilized the transfer film, characterized by less plastic flow and fewer instances of hole formation at the interface. This increase in stability correlated with lower wear rates, stable friction, and the formation of a mechanically mixed layer (MML) in the worn subsurface.
► Pure Al and composite Al-Al2O3 coatings were deposited by cold spray. ► Dry sliding wear tests were conducted using an in situ tribometer. ► Observations at the interface were correlated with friction, wear, and subsurface features. ► Coatings of higher alumina volume fraction formed stable transfer films. ► Transfer film stability was linked to stable friction and low wear rates.
The properties of engineering materials can be improved by optimising the microstructural developments during annealing processes. Here, we investigate the effect of Sn on the recovery annealing of ...cold rolled Fe–3%Si alloys. We use a multiscale approach combining micro hardness, electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD), and dark field X-ray microscopy (DFXM): a recent, non-destructive synchrotron-based technique that allows 3D mapping of orientation and lattice strain within individual grains embedded in bulk samples. Micro hardness results show that the Sn solute has a strong effect on the recovery kinetics. These results are compared to a physical kinetic model suggesting that Sn limits the softening. This observation is further discussed by a complementary atomistic modelling that demonstrates solute-dislocation interaction around edge dislocations. In situ DFXM experiments reveal the 3D microstructural evolution upon annealing at the grain level with high angular resolution. The DFXM observations show that Sn slows the recovery kinetics within individual grains, in agreement with the other microscopic investigations. Furthermore, the DFXM results provide a direct observation of strain fields around dislocation loops in an embedded single grain, which is argued to remain static due to solute effect during recovery.
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In order to establish structure–reactivity relationships in propylene metathesis as a function of the podality of tungsten oxo species bearing neosilyl ligands, we targeted the parent tris alkyl ...(SiO)WOR3 and bis alkyl oxo (SiO)2WOR2 derivatives prone to carbene formation. Thus, WO(CH2SiMe3)3Cl (1) was grafted onto silica dehydroxylated at 700 °C (SiO2–700), proceeding via W–Cl cleavage to yield well-defined monopodal species (SiO)WO(CH2SiMe3)3 (2a) along with HCl release. On the other hand, the corresponding bipodal species (SiO)2WO(CH2SiMe3)2 (2b) was obtained on SiO2–200 by release of both HCl and TMS. The formation of these species were demonstrated by mass balance analysis, elemental analysis, IR, advanced solid-state NMR (1D and 2D 1H, 13C, 29Si, and 17O), and EXAFS. Furthermore, DFT calculations allowed understanding and rationalizing the experimental results regarding grafting selectivity. Materials 2a and 2b proved to lead to stable and efficient supported tungsten oxo catalysts for propene metathesis under dynamic conditions at 80 °C. The symmetric bipodal precatalyst (expressed as W(E)(CHR)(X)(Y) (X = Y, E = spectator ligand)) showed somewhat higher activity than the asymmetric (X ≠ Y) counterparts.
We report on the elastic modulus of 3D superlattices of single domain ε-Co nanocrystals self-assembled in face-centered cubic structures, so-called supracrystals. The effects of nanocrystal size, ...probe size, and supracrystal morphology on the elastic properties of supracrystals are investigated by nanoindentation measurements using an atomic force microscope. We show that elastic moduli of supracrystals of single domain ε-Co nanocrystals are invariant on varying the nanocrystal size and supracrystal morphology (films or faceted shape) produced through heterogeneous (solvent evaporation) growth process. A mechanical model is proposed to analyze elastic properties of supracrystals that differ from classical composite materials. These results are explained in terms of nanocrystallinity, that is, the crystalline structure of nanocrystals, which is a key parameter in achieving supracrystals of different nanocrystal sizes with robust elastic properties.
Chemical study of the CH₂Cl₂-MeOH (1:1) extract of the sponge
collected in Mayotte highlighted three new tryptophan derived alkaloids, 6,6'-bis-(debromo)-gelliusine F (
), ...6-bromo-8,1'-dihydro-isoplysin A (
) and 5,6-dibromo-8,1'-dihydro-isoplysin A (
), along with the synthetically known 8-oxo-tryptamine (
) and the three known molecules from the same family, tryptamine (
), (
)-6-bromo-2'-demethyl-3'-
-methylaplysinopsin (
) and (
)-6-bromo-2'-demethyl-3'-
-methylaplysinopsin (
). Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectra and HRESIMS data. All compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial and their antiplasmodial activities. Regarding antimicrobial activities, the best compounds are (
) and (
), with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.01 and 1 µg/mL, respectively, towards
, and (
), with MIC values of 1 µg/mL towards
. In addition the known 8-oxo-tryptamine (
) and the mixture of the (
)-6-bromo-2'-demethyl-3'-
-methylaplysinopsin (
) and (
)-6-bromo-2'-demethyl-3'-
-methylaplysinopsin (
) showed moderate antiplasmodial activity against
with IC
values of 8.8 and 8.0 µg/mL, respectively.
Alloy 625 modified with 0.4 wt% B was deposited on stainless steel 304 substrate by laser wire deposition. The microstructure was characterized and grain morphology was analyzed in the as-deposited ...and two post heat-treated conditions. In the as-deposited condition, continuous eutectics were observed to segregate in the inter-dendritic regions. The eutectics mainly consist of Laves phase and small amount of NbC precipitates. It was also found that the solidification features in the layer boundary were coarser than the layer core due to the recalescence mechanism. Small equiaxed grains nucleated in the layer boundary and eliminated the epitaxial growth which is normally formed during the additive manufacturing process. In the two-step aging condition, the eutectics were almost fully dissolved in the layer boundary. This has been associated with the layer boundary's larger elemental diffusion path when compared to the layer core. Partial recrystallization occurred in the layer core and led to nucleation of equiaxed grains. The grain size in both the layer boundary and the layer core coarsened during heat treatment. In the annealed and aged condition, the eutectics observed in the as-deposited condition were fully re-melted, resulting in the formation of large sized M5B3 borides during re-solidification. The fraction of borides in the layer boundary was lower, with smaller sized precipitates than those in the layer core. Similarly, to the two-step aged condition, partial recrystallization and grain growth developed during annealing and aging treatment.
•Alloy 625 with 0.4 wt% boron modification was made on stainless steels 304 using laser wire deposition process.•Much more eutectics were observed in 625B than conventional Alloy 625 after solidification.•Microstructure evolution was evaluated between as-deposited condition and two types of heat treated conditions.•Hardness variation of different conditions was associated with different microstructure.•Boron modification increased recrystallization temperature of Alloy 625 system.
Recent studies examining association of opposing responses, contrasting emotional valences, or counter motivational states have begun to elucidate how learning and memory processes can translate to ...clinical therapies for trauma or addiction. In the current study, association of opposing responses is tested in
. Due to its relatively simple and well-described nervous system, it was hypothesized that association of two oppositional stimuli presented in a delayed conditioning protocol would strengthen the behavioral response to the first stimulus (alpha conditioning). To test this,
were exposed to a tone vibration stimulus (to activate a mechanosensory-driven locomotor reversal response) paired with a blue light (to activate a forward locomotor response) at a 2-s delay. After five pairings, behavior was measured following a tone-alone stimulus. Worms that received stimulus pairing did not show an enhanced response to the first presented stimulus (tone vibration) but rather showed a marked increase in time spent in pause (cessation of movement), a new behavioral response (beta conditioning). This increase in pause behavior was accompanied by changes in measures of both backward and forward locomotion. Understanding the dynamics of conditioned behavior resulting from pairing of oppositional responses could provide further insight into how learning processes occur and may be applied.
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