Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive and devastating social problem that is estimated to occur in one of every four opposite-sex relationships and at least one of every five same-sex ...romantic relationships. These estimates may not represent violence against those who identify as transgender or genderqueer, and very little comprehensive research has been conducted on IPV within these populations. One statewide study on IPV found rates of IPV were as high as one of every two transgender individuals. In order to cope with the effects of abuse or leave an abusive partner, many lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and genderqueer (LGBTQ) IPV survivors seek support from others. However, LGBTQ IPV survivors may experience unique difficulties related to their sexual orientation and gender identity when seeking assistance. This article reviews the literature on LGBTQ IPV and suggests three major barriers to help-seeking exist for LGBTQ IPV survivors: a limited understanding of the problem of LGBTQ IPV, stigma, and systemic inequities. The significance and consequences of each barrier are discussed, and suggestions for future research, policy, and practice are provided.
Prospective clinical study.
Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) means improved accuracy in inserting screws. Usually the required time of the intraoperative use of a C-arm device is reduced. The aim of ...the study was to quantify the radiation doses during spine surgery in different types of computer-assisted surgical procedures (i.e., computerized tomography CT based and C-arm) compared to standard methods and, as a new technique, the Iso-C3D C-arm (Siemens, GER).
A total of 38 individuals were enrolled in the study, including 8 who underwent standard spine surgery, 10 with CT-based, 9 with C-arm based, and 11 with Iso-C3D C-arm based. The thermoluminescence dosimetry measurements were 2 at the radiation source, 2 at the patient, and 2 at the receiver.
This study is based on the thermoluminescence method. A total of 38 individuals were enrolled in the study. Despite the small number of patients, the existing results up until now showed a clear reduction of the duration of radiation time using CAS compared to standard methods in spine surgery. Much more important is the fact that the radiation doses were clearly reduced from a median of 1091 mGy using the standard procedure versus 432 mGy in CT-based and 664 mGy in C-arm based guided surgery. The Iso-C3D C-arm showed a median of 152 mGy.
The duration of radiation was reduced from 177 seconds in the standard spine procedure to 75 seconds in CT-based CAS spine intervention. Comparing the different types of CAS application at the spine, the Iso-C3D C-arm based surgery is the method with the lowest duration of radiation. The radiation doses at the C-arm tube (source) are reduced from a median of 1091 mGy in the standard procedure versus 432 mGy in CT-based and 664 mGy in C-arm based guided surgery. In this study, the median dose of an Iso-C3D C-arm was 152 mGy.
These findings are important for the operating room personnel, which is exposed daily to radiation intraoperatively, as well as the patients, when using CAS procedures.
Background
The increasing use of fluoroscopy-based surgical procedures and the associated exposure to radiation raise questions regarding potential risks for patients and operating room personnel. ...Computer-assisted technologies can help to reduce the emission of radiation; the effect on the patient’s dose for the three-dimensional (3-D)-based technologies has not yet been evaluated.
Questions/purposes
We determined the effective and organ dose in dorsal spinal fusion and percutaneous transsacral screw stabilization during conventional fluoroscopy-assisted and computer-navigated procedures.
Patients and Methods
We recorded the dose and duration of radiation from fluoroscopy in 20 patients, with single vertebra fractures of the lumbar spine, who underwent posterior stabilization with and without the use of a navigation system and 20 patients with navigated percutaneous transsacral screw stabilization for sacroiliac joint injuries. For the conventional iliosacral joint operations, the duration of radiation was estimated retrospectively in two cases and further determined from the literature. Dose measurements were performed with a male phantom; the phantom was equipped with thermoluminescence dosimeters.
Results
The effective dose in conventional spine surgery using 2-D fluoroscopy was more than 12-fold greater than in navigated operations. For the sacroiliac joint, the effective dose was nearly fivefold greater for nonnavigated operations.
Conclusion
Compared with conventional fluoroscopy, the patient’s effective dose can be reduced by 3-D computer-assisted spinal and pelvic surgery.
Level of Evidence
Level II, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
State‐sanctioned violence (SSV) has resounding effects on entire populations, and marginalized communities have long persisted in the work toward liberation despite continued SSV. This paper aims to ...bridge the gap between the vast scholarship on resilience and the practical challenge of sustaining and thriving in communities targeted by SSV. We use the theoretical frame of the Transconceptual Model of Empowerment and Resilience (TMER) to articulate the process of resilience and the resources that support it: maintenance, efficacy, skills, knowledge, and community resources. As a practical frame, we ground our application of the model in the experiences of the first two authors in their own communities. Centering examples from the Black Lives Matter movement and the CeCe McDonald Support Committee, we use our theoretical and practical frames to explore the scholarship on resilience relevant to resisting SSV, and we identify mechanisms for supporting community stakeholders' efforts to move toward liberation from SSV. We discuss implications for future research and activism, and we include a toolkit with suggested strategies as an appendix for psychologists, activists, and community stakeholders to consider as they work to facilitate community resilience and build a society free from SSV.
Highlights
Adapts findings from resilience literature to inform strategies for community resilience.
Presents model for community resilience in communities targeted by state‐sanctioned.
Presents model for resilience in communities targeted by state‐sanctioned violence.
Black lives matter, Black trans lives matter.
In the domestic violence field, a survivor-centered approach to services is a shared ideal, but there is little empirical work demonstrating its importance. This study filled that gap, focusing on a ...key outcome—safety-related empowerment. We gathered data from 177 intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors seeking community-based services, and after one session with an advocate, results revealed a significant change in two of three subscales of the Measure of Victim Empowerment Related to Safety (MOVERS) measure: Internal Tools and Expectations of Support. There was no change in Trade-Offs (pursuing safety causing new problems). More survivor-defined practice predicted greater changes in empowerment, over and above severity of violence, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and demographics.
Highlights
Financial stress is a key predictor of classism among college students.
Financial stress predicts classism across immigration status and race.
For U.S. born students, higher reported ...social class predicts greater exposure to classist narratives.
Scholarship has documented the challenges that face college students of marginalized economic backgrounds, an issue that is relevant for Community Psychology because of the field's commitment to social justice. Community psychologists are concerned with facilitating access to social resources such as education across the full range of social identities. The current study builds on recent research that has identified the key role of classism in students' struggles. We developed a new measure of college student financial stress in order to investigate the relationship between indices of social class (financial stress, subjective social status, and parental education) and indices of classism (institutional, interpersonal, and citational). We also explored whether race or immigration status moderated these relationships in a sample of diverse students (N = 278). Findings show that students' current financial stress has the strongest relationship with classism, and immigration status moderates the exposure to citational classism. Specifically, we found evidence for perpetuation of classism among U.S. born students higher on the social class ladder. Implications for future research include the importance of considering multiple domains of social class, studying social class in a context‐specific way, and differentiating dimensions of classism. Findings also suggest that financial stress is an important focus in the work to support marginalized students, and that classist narratives need to be addressed among students of higher social class.
The significant sex-based discrepancy in violent crime suggests that something about maleness or masculinity contributes to this pattern. Research on masculinities clearly indicates that if men ...struggle to meet masculine gender role expectations, they are likely to report distress (Eisler & Skidmore, 1987; O'Neil, 2008). Empirical work demonstrates that failing to meet these expectations causes some men to become aggressive (Vandello & Bosson, 2013), but literature has not fully elucidated the psychological experience of that connection. To better understand the role threatened masculinity may play in fomenting male aggression, we created a new measure of threatened-masculinity shame-related responses. We then explored how these experiences related to aggression. The Masculinity and Shame Questionnaire is a scenario-based measure of shame-related responses to threatened masculinity: feel shame, escape, prevent exposure, and externalize blame. In a validation study with heterosexual males (n = 460), we found strong evidence for validity of the Masculinity and Shame Questionnaire among heterosexual men and a clear connection between threatened-masculinity shame-related responses and self-reports of a tendency to be physically aggressive. Threatened-masculinity externalization of blame mediated the relationship between threatened-masculinity shame-related responses and self-reported physically aggressive behaviors. Further, regression analyses showed that threatened-masculinity shame-related responses account for variance in self-reported physically aggressive behaviors above and beyond the variance accounted for by general shame. Results suggest the threatened-masculinity shame dynamic is critical to consider in violence prevention and intervention work.
CROCODILE Hayoz, J.; Cugno, G.; Quanz, S. P. ...
Astronomy and astrophysics (Berlin),
10/2023, Letnik:
678
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Context.
The investigation of the atmospheres of closely separated, directly imaged gas giant exoplanets is challenging due to the presence of stellar speckles that pollute their spectrum. To remedy ...this, the analysis of medium- to high-resolution spectroscopic data via cross-correlation with spectral templates (cross-correlation spectroscopy) is emerging as a leading technique.
Aims.
We aim to define a robust Bayesian framework combining, for the first time, three widespread direct-imaging techniques, namely photometry, low-resolution spectroscopy, and medium-resolution cross-correlation spectroscopy in order to derive the atmospheric properties of close-in directly imaged exoplanets. Current atmospheric characterisation frameworks are indeed either not compatible with all three observing techniques or they lack the commitment to efficient sampling strategies that allow high-dimensional forward models.
Methods.
Our framework
CROCODILE
(cross-correlation retrievals of directly imaged self-luminous exoplanets) naturally combines the three techniques by adopting adequate likelihood functions. To validate our routine, we simulated observations of gas giants similar to the well-studied
β
Pictoris b planet and we explored the parameter space of their atmospheres to search for potential biases.
Results.
We obtain more accurate measurements of atmospheric properties when combining photometry, low- and medium-resolution spectroscopy into atmospheric retrievals than when using the techniques separately as is usually done in the literature. Indeed, the combined fit is, on average, 20% more accurate than fitting only medium-resolution cross-correlation spectroscopy. We find that medium-resolution (
R
≈ 4000)
K
-band cross-correlation spectroscopy alone is not suitable to constrain the atmospheric properties of our synthetic datasets; however, this problem disappears when simultaneously fitting photometry throughout the
Y
and
M
bands and low-resolution (
R
≈ 60) spectroscopy between the
Y
and
H
bands. Our thorough testing demonstrates that free chemistry is a suitable forward model to retrieve the atmospheric thermal and chemical properties of cloudless gas giants at chemical equilibrium.
Conclusions.
CROCODILE
provides a robust statistical framework to interpret medium-resolution spectroscopic data of close-in directly imaged exoplanets, where speckles originating from stellar stray light render the extraction of the continuum difficult. Our framework allows the atmospheric characterisation of directly imaged exoplanets using the high-quality spectral data that will be provided by the new generation of instruments such as the Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph (ERIS) at the Very Large Telescope, the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) aboard the
James Webb
Space Telescope, and in the future the Mid-infrared ELT Imager and Spectrograph (METIS) at the Extremely Large Telescope.
Intraband photocurrent and absorption measurements were performed on InAs/InGaAlAs/InP quantum dot structures. A full three-dimensional theoretical model has been employed to identify the observed ...photocurrent as a bound to bound transition, where the final state is about 200 meV deep below the conduction band continuum. The reported results strongly suggest that an Auger process plays a fundamental role in generating the observed intraband photocurrent.
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