Ganodermataceae is one of the main families of macrofungi since species in the family are both ecologically and economically important. The double-walled basidiospores with ornamented endospore walls ...are the characteristic features of Ganodermataceae . It is a large and complex family; although many studies have focused on Ganodermataceae , the global diversity, geographic distribution, taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of Ganodermataceae still remained incompletely understood. In this work, taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on worldwide species of Ganodermataceae were carried out by morphological examination and molecular phylogenetic analyses inferred from six gene loci including the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene ( rpb2 ), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene ( tef1 ), the small subunit mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU) and the small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nSSU). A total of 1 382 sequences were used in the phylogenetic analyses, of which 817 were newly generated, including 132 sequences of ITS, 139 sequences of nLSU, 83 sequences of rpb2 , 124 sequences of tef1 , 150 sequences of mtSSU and 189 sequences of nSSU. The combined six-gene dataset included sequences from 391 specimens representing 146 taxa from Ganodermataceae . Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, 14 genera were confirmed in Ganodermataceae : Amauroderma , Amaurodermellus , Cristataspora , Foraminispora , Furtadoella , Ganoderma , Haddowia , Humphreya , Magoderna , Neoganoderma , Sanguinoderma , Sinoganoderma , Tomophagus and Trachydermella . Among these genera, Neoganoderma gen. nov. is proposed for Ganoderma neurosporum ; Sinoganoderma gen. nov. is proposed for Ganoderma shandongense ; Furtadoella gen. nov. is proposed to include taxa previously belonging to Furtadoa since Furtadoa is a homonym of a plant genus in the Araceae ; Trachydermella gen. nov. is proposed to include Trachyderma tsunodae since Trachyderma is a homonym of a lichen genus in the Pannariaceae . Twenty-three new species, viz., Ganoderma acaciicola , G. acontextum , G. alpinum , G. bubalinomarginatum , G. castaneum , G. chuxiongense , G. cocoicola , G. fallax , G. guangxiense , G. puerense , G. subangustisporum , G. subellipsoideum , G. subflexipes , G. sublobatum , G. tongshanense , G. yunlingense , Haddowia macropora , Sanguinoderma guangdongense , Sa. infundibulare , Sa. longistipitum , Sa. melanocarpum , Sa. microsporum and Sa. tricolor are described. In addition, another 33 known species are also described in detail for comparison. Scanning electron micrographs of basidiospores of 10 genera in Ganodermataceae are provided. A key to the accepted genera of Ganodermataceae and keys to the accepted species of Ganoderma , Haddowia , Humphreya , Magoderna , Sanguinoderma and Tomophagus are also provided. In total, 278 species are accepted as members of Ganodermataceae including 59 species distributed in China.
Amauroderma
s.lat. has been defined mainly by the morphological features of non-truncate and double-walled basidiospores with a distinctly ornamented endospore wall. In this work, taxonomic and ...phylogenetic studies on species of
Amauroderma
s.lat. are carried out by morphological examination together with ultrastructural observations, and molecular phylogenetic analyses of multiple loci including the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (
RPB1
) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (
RPB2
), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (
TEF
) and the β-tubulin gene (
TUB
). The results demonstrate that species of
Ganodermataceae
formed ten clades. Species previously placed in
Amauroderma
s.lat. are divided into four clades:
Amauroderma
s.str.,
Foraminispora
,
Furtadoa
and a new genus
Sanguinoderma
. The classification of
Amauroderma
s.lat. is thus revised, six new species are described and illustrated, and eight new combinations are proposed. SEM micrographs of basidiospores of
Foraminispora
and
Sanguinoderma
are provided, and the importance of SEM in delimitation of taxa in this study is briefly discussed. Keys to species of
Amauroderma
s.str.,
Foraminispora
,
Furtadoa
, and
Sanguinoderma
are also provided.
The diversity of
Hymenochaetaceae
and its relationship with native plants of the Caatinga were investigated in two stands (56 km
2
each) in the Parque Nacional do Catimbau, State of Pernambuco, ...Northeast Brazil. The basidiomata collected on both live and dead trees represented 14 species of
Hymenochaetaceae
. Eleven of them belonged to
Phellinus
, six of which were new records to the Brazilian semi-arid area (
P. grenadensis, P. linteus
,
P. maxonii
,
P. melleoporus
,
P. rimosus
, and
P. rhytyphloeus
).
Hymenochaetaceae
diversity was not influenced by differences between stands, caused mostly by agriculture (subsistence farming), logging and tourism. The occurrence of taxa of
Hymenochaetaceae
was not significantly related to humidity, although
P. piptadeniae
and
P. rimosus
were more frequently sampled during the dry season. Even if most of the specimens of
Hymenochaetaceae
,
Phellinus
and
P. piptadeniae
have been found on live hosts, this observation was not statistically supported. On the other hand,
P. rimosus
occurred only on live hosts. The occurrence on live hosts may indicate a parasitic relationship, but they may be colonizing dead tissues of the live plants. Plants of
Piptadenia
and
P. moniliformis
had high incidence of
Hymenochaetaceae
,
Phellinus
and
P. piptadeniae
, while
Caesalpinia microphylla
had high incidence of
Hymenochaetaceae
,
Phellinus
and
P. rimosus
, suggesting that
P. piptadeniae
is host-recurrent and
P. rimosus
is host-specific on species of
Fabaceae
in the studied area. The results indicate that, at least when analysing
Hymenochaetaceae
, the biome Caatinga differs from other tropical forests where higher species richness is observed on decaying rather than live substrata, and where host-specificity/recurrence have been shown to be low.
Phaeocollybia nigripes is described from an Atlantic Forest fragment in Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. It is characterized by a stipe that is uniformly slender with a slightly swollen base and dark ...grayish brown below to almost black at the apex, brown pileus, large basidiospores
that average 12.4 × 6.6 μm, hyphoid to narrowly clavate cheilocystidia, and abundant clamp connections. The holotype of P. megalospora var. megalospora, the putatively most similar taxon, was examined. A key to the six taxa reported from Brazil is also presented.
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