It is well established that non-Saccharomyces wine yeasts, considered in the past as undesired or spoilage yeasts, can enhance the analytical composition, and aroma profile of the wine. The ...contribution of non-Saccharomyces yeasts, including the ability to secret enzymes and produce secondary metabolites, glycerol and ethanol, release of mannoproteins or contributions to color stability, is species- and strain-specific, pointing out the key importance of a clever strain selection. The use of mixed starters of selected non-Saccharomyces yeasts with strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae represents an alternative to both spontaneous and inoculated wine fermentations, taking advantage of the potential positive role that non-Saccharomyces wine yeast species play in the organoleptic characteristics of wine. In this context mixed starters can meet the growing demand for new and improved wine yeast strains adapted to different types and styles of wine. With the aim of presenting old and new evidences on the potential of non-Saccharomyces yeasts to address this market trend, we mainly review the studies focused on non-Saccharomyces strain selection and design of mixed starters directed to improve primary and secondary aroma of wines. The ability of non-Saccharomyces wine yeasts to produce enzymes and metabolites of oenological relevance is also discussed.
A fundamental investigation has been conducted on the combustion behavior of single particles (75–150μm) of four coals of different ranks: anthracite, semi-anthracite, medium-volatile bituminous and ...high-volatile bituminous. A laboratory-scale transparent laminar-flow drop-tube furnace, electrically-heated to 1400K, was used to burn the coals. The experiments were performed in different combustion atmospheres: air (21%O2/79%N2) and four simulated dry oxy-fuel conditions: 21%O2/79%CO2, 30%O2/70%CO2, 35%O2/65%CO2 and 50%O2/50%CO2. The ignition and combustion of single particles was observed by means of three-color pyrometry and high-speed high-resolution cinematography to obtain temperature–time histories and record combustion behaviors. On the basis of the observations made with these techniques, a comprehensive examination of the ignition and combustion behaviors of these fuels was achieved. Higher rank coals (anthracite and semi-anthracite) ignited heterogeneously on the particle surface, whereas the bituminous coal particles ignited homogeneously in the gas phase. Moreover, deduced ignition temperatures increased with increasing coal rank and decreased with increasing oxygen concentrations. Strikingly disparate combustion behaviors were observed depending on the coal rank. The combustion of bituminous coal particles took place in two phases. First, volatiles evolved, ignited and burned in luminous enveloping flames. Upon extinction of these flames, the char residues ignited and burned. In contrast, the higher rank coal particles ignited and burned heterogeneously. The replacement of the background N2 gas of air with CO2 (i.e., changing from air to an oxy-fuel atmosphere) at the same oxygen mole fraction impaired the intensity of combustion. It reduced the combustion temperatures and lengthened the burnout times of the particles. Increasing the oxygen mole fraction in CO2 to 30–35% restored the intensity of combustion to that of air for all the coals studied. Volatile flame burnout times increased linearly with the volatile matter content in the coal in both air and all oxygen mole fractions in CO2. On the other hand, char burnout times increased linearly or quadratically versus carbon content in the coal, depending on the oxygen mole fraction in the background gas.
The objective of this study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of neovestitol and vestitol isolated from Brazilian red propolis (BRP). BRP ethanolic extract (EEP), ...neovestitol, and vestitol were evaluated by anti-inflammatory properties using a neutrophil migration assay. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Actinomyces naeslundii. Neovestitol, vestitol, and EEP inhibited neutrophil migration at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Regarding antimicrobial activity, neovestitol showed MICs ranging from <6.25 to 25–50 μg/mL and MBCs ranging from 25–50 to 50–100 μg/mL, while vestitol showed MICs ranging from 25–50 to 50–100 μg/mL and MBCs ranging from 25–50 to 50–100 μg/mL. Both isoflavonoids neovestitol and vestitol are consistent bioactive compounds displaying anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities that can strongly act in a low dose and concentration and have a promising potential to be applied in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
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•Different carbon adsorbents were tested for the removal of pharmaceuticals.•Adsorption tests for the removal of carbamazepine and ciprofloxacin were developed.•The mixture of ...carbamazepine-ciprofloxacin in water was treated by adsorption.•TOC, TN, carbonates and aromaticity was removed from a hospital effluent by carbon adsorbents.•Pharmaceuticals in the real effluent, at ngL−1, was efficiently treated by adsorption onto carbon materials.
Adsorption on carbon materials (AC-F400, AC-PS, AC-RH, CNF and MWNT) has revealed as an effective treatment for the removal of two representative pharmaceutical compounds (carbamazepine, CBZ, and ciprofloxacin, CPX) in ultrapure water, as isolated compounds and as a mixture of both of them. Accordingly, a real pharmaceutical effluent containing these substances was efficiently treated by adsorption with the tested carbon adsorbents. A relatively high adsorption rate (equilibrium time of 4h) and large carbamazepine and ciprofloxacin adsorption capacities (qCBZ=242mgg−1, qCPX=264mgg−1) were found, using adsorbent doses ranging from 2 to 3gL−1, natural pH, temperature of 30°C and stirring rate of 250rpm. Thus, the decreasing in the adsorption removal was observed for both contaminants when the mixture CBZ-CPX was treated, reaching up to 80.5% of decreasing in CBZ adsorption (in presence of CPX) onto F-400 activated carbon. The bi-component adsorption systems were reasonably well-fitted by the extended Freundlich model equation. Meanwhile, the reduction of macroscopic parameters (Total Organic Concentration, TOC, Total Nitrogen, TN, carbonates (CO32−) and aromaticity) in the real hospital wastewater was achieved in high percentages (from 64 to 98.8%). Moreover, the carbon adsorbents were proven as efficient materials in the removal of the pharmaceutical compounds from the hospital effluent matrix; after the treatment, only trace-level concentrations of atenolol and trazodone were detected.
The thermal characteristics and kinetics of coal, biomass (pine sawdust) and their blends were evaluated under combustion conditions using a non-isothermal thermogravimetric method (TGA). Biomass was ...blended with coal in the range of 5–80
wt.% to evaluate their co-combustion behaviour. No significant interactions were detected between the coal and biomass, since no deviations from their expected behaviour were observed in these experiments. Biomass combustion takes place in two steps: between 200 and 360
°C the volatiles are released and burned, and at 360–490
°C char combustion takes place. In contrast, coal is characterized by only one combustion stage at 315–615
°C. The coal/biomass blends presented three combustion steps, corresponding to the sum of the biomass and coal individual stages. Several solid-state mechanisms were tested by the Coats–Redfern method in order to find out the mechanisms responsible for the oxidation of the samples. The kinetic parameters were determined assuming single separate reactions for each stage of thermal conversion. The combustion process of coal consists of one reaction, whereas, in the case of the biomass and coal/biomass blends, this process consists of two or three independent reactions, respectively. The results showed that the chemical first order reaction is the most effective mechanism for the first step of biomass oxidation and for coal combustion. However, diffusion mechanisms were found to be responsible for the second step of biomass combustion.
Obesity is characterized by the accumulation of an excessive amount of fat mass (FM) in the adipose tissue, subcutaneous, or inside certain organs. The risk does not lie so much in the amount of fat ...accumulated as in its distribution. Abdominal obesity (central or visceral) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer, having an important role in the so-called metabolic syndrome. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent, detect, and appropriately treat obesity. The diagnosis is based on anthropometric indices that have been associated with adiposity and its distribution. Indices themselves, or a combination of some of them, conform to a big picture with different values to establish risk. Anthropometric indices can be used for risk identification, intervention, or impact evaluation on nutritional status or health; therefore, they will be called anthropometric health indicators (AHIs). We have found 17 AHIs that can be obtained or estimated from 3D human shapes, being a noninvasive alternative compared to X-ray-based systems, and more accessible than high-cost equipment. A literature review has been conducted to analyze the following information for each indicator: definition; main calculation or obtaining methods used; health aspects associated with the indicator (among others, obesity, metabolic syndrome, or diabetes); criteria to classify the population by means of percentiles or cutoff points, and based on variables such as sex, age, ethnicity, or geographic area, and limitations.
The combustion behaviors of four different pulverized biomasses were evaluated in the laboratory. Single particles of sugarcane bagasse, pine sawdust, torrefied pine sawdust and olive residue were ...burned in a drop-tube furnace, set at 1400 K, in both air and O2/CO2 atmospheres containing 21, 30, 35, and 50% oxygen mole fractions. High-speed and high-resolution images of single particles were recorded cinematographically and temperature–time histories were obtained pyrometrically. Combustion of these particles took place in two phases. Initially, volatiles evolved and burned in spherical envelope flames of low-luminosity; then, upon extinction of these flames, char residues ignited and burned in brief periods of time. This behavior was shared by all four biomasses of this study, and only small differences among them were evident based on their origin, type and pre-treatment. Volatile flames of biomass particles were much less sooty than those of previously burned coal particles of analogous size and char combustion durations were briefer. Replacing the background N2 gas with CO2, i.e., changing from air to an oxy-fuel atmosphere, at 21% O2 impaired the intensity of combustion; reduced the combustion temperatures and lengthened the burnout times of the biomass particles. Increasing the oxygen mole fraction in CO2 to 28–35% restored the combustion intensity of the single biomass particles to that in air.
•The combustion behaviors of four different biomass particles exhibited similar characteristics.•The combustion behaviors of biomass particles differ from those of coal particles of all ranks.•Replacing the N2 gas with CO2, at 21% O2, weakens the intensity of combustion.•Increasing the O2 to 28–35% in CO2 restores the intensity of combustion to that in air.
Thirty-eight yeast strains belonging to the genera
Candida,
Hanseniaspora,
Pichia,
Torulaspora and
Zygosaccharomyces were screened for ester formation on synthetic microbiological medium. The genera
...Hanseniaspora and
Pichia stood out as the best acetate ester producers. Based on the ester profile
Hanseniaspora guilliermondii 11027 and 11102,
Hanseniaspora osmophila 1471 and
Pichia membranifaciens 10113 and 10550 were selected for further characterization of enological traits. When growing on must
H. osmophila 1471, which displayed a glucophilic nature and was able to consume more than 90% of initial must sugars, produced levels of acetic acid, medium chain fatty acids and ethyl acetate, within the ranges described for wine. On the other hand, it was found to be a strong producer of 2-phenylethyl acetate. Our data suggest that
H. osmophila 1471 is a good candidate for mixed starters, although the possible interactions with
S. cerevisiae deserve further research.
High yield of high‐purity H2 from acetic acid, a model compound of bio‐oil obtained from the fast pyrolysis of biomass, was produced by sorption‐enhanced steam reforming (SESR). An oxygen carrier was ...introduced into a chemical loop (CL) coupled to the cyclical SESR process to supply heat in situ for the endothermic sorbent regeneration to increase the energy efficiency of the process. A new multifunctional 1 %Pd/20 %Ni–20 %Co catalyst was developed for use both as oxygen carrier in the CL and as reforming catalyst in the SESR whereas a CaO‐based material was used as CO2 sorbent. In the sorbent–air regeneration step, the Ni–Co atoms in the catalyst undergo strong exothermic oxidation reactions that provide heat for the CaO decarbonation. The addition of Pd to the Ni–Co catalyst makes the catalyst active throughout the whole SESR–CL cycle. Pd significantly promotes the reduction of Ni–Co oxides to metallic Ni–Co during the reforming stage, which avoids the need for a reduction step after regeneration. H2 yield above 90 % and H2 purity above 99.2 vol % were obtained.
Combined power for hydrogen: High‐purity H2 is obtained from the sorption‐enhanced steam reforming (SESR) of biomass‐derived compounds. A Ni–Co catalyst derived from a hydrotalcite‐like material has been promoted with Pd to eliminate the catalyst reduction step after regeneration of the CO2 sorbent with air. Thus, the proposed Pd/Ni–Co HT catalyst may function as an oxygen carrier in a chemical loop coupled to the SESR process, supplying heat in situ for the regeneration reaction.
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