The oxidation states of magmas provide valuable information about the release and speciation of volatile elements during volcanic eruptions, metallogenesis, source rock compositions, open system ...magmatic processes, tectonic settings and potentially titanium (Ti) activity in chemical systems used for Ti-dependent geothermometers and geobarometers. In this paper we explore the use of Mn in apatite as an oxybarometer in intermediate and silicic igneous rocks. Increased Mn concentrations in apatite in granitic rocks from the zoned Criffell granitic pluton (southern Scotland) correlate with decreasing Fe2O3 (Fe3+) and Mn in the whole-rock and likely reflect increased Mn2+/Mn3+ and greater compatibility of Mn2+ relative to Mn3+ in apatite under reduced conditions. Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios in biotites have previously been used to calculate oxygen fugacities (fO2) in the outer zone granodiorites and inner zone granites where redox conditions have been shown to change from close to the magnetite-hematite buffer to close to the nickel-nickel oxide buffer respectively (Stephens et al., 1985). This trend is apparent in apatite Mn concentrations from a range of intermediate to silicic volcanic rocks that exhibit varying redox states and are shown to vary linearly and negatively with log fO2, such that logfO2=-0.0022(±0.0003)Mn(ppm)-9.75(±0.46)Variations in the Mn concentration of apatites appear to be largely independent of differences in the Mn concentration of the melt. Apatite Mn concentrations may therefore provide an independent oxybarometer that is amenable to experimental calibration, with major relevance to studies on detrital mineral suites, particularly those containing a record of early Earth redox conditions, and on the climatic impact of historic volcanic eruptions.
While cautious criteria for selection of living kidney donors are credited for favorable outcomes, recent practice changes may include acceptance of less than ideal donors. To characterize trends in ...donor acceptance, the Renal and Lung Living Donors Evaluation (RELIVE) Study evaluated 8,951 kidney donors who donated between 1963 and 2007 at three major U.S. transplant centers. Over the study interval, there was an increase in the percentage of donors >40 years old from 38% to 51%; donors >60 years varied between 1% and 4%. The proportion of donors with obesity increased from 8% to 26% and with glucose intolerance from 9% to 25%. The percentage of hypertensive donors was consistent (5–8%). Accepted donors ≥60 years old were more likely to have obesity, glucose intolerance, and/or hypertension compared to younger donors (p<0.0001). Our results demonstrate important trends in acceptance of older and more obese donors. The fraction of older donors accepted with glucose intolerance or hypertension remains small and for the majority includes mild elevations in glucose or blood pressure that were previously classified as within normal limits.
The Renal and Lung Living Donors Evaluation (RELIVE) Study reports explosive growth in numbers of living kidney donors, particularly those between 41‐60 years old; a 25% increase in the percentage of patients with obesity or glucose intolerance; steady, low rates of hypertension; and trends to higher median values for BMI, fasting glucose, and systolic blood pressure over five decades.
Accessory minerals contain a robust and accessible record of magma evolution. However, they may reflect relatively late-stage conditions in the history of the host magmas. In the normally zoned ...Criffell granitic pluton (Scotland), whole-rock (WR) compositions reflect open system assimilation and fractional crystallisation at depths of >11 km, whereas amphibole barometry and the absence of inherited zircon suggest that the observed mineral assemblages crystallised following emplacement of magmas with little or no crystal cargo at depths of 4–6 km. The crystallisation history is documented by large trace-element variations amongst apatite crystals from within individual samples: decreasing LREE and Th concentrations in apatite crystals from metaluminous samples reflect broadly synchronous crystallisation of allanite, whereas lower LREE and Th, and more negative Nd anomalies in apatites from peraluminous samples reflect the effects of monazite crystallisation. WR evolution is likely to have occurred within a deep crustal hot zone where H
2
O-rich (~6 wt%), low-viscosity magmas segregated and ascended adiabatically in a super-liquidus state, leading to resorption of most entrained crystals. Stalling, emplacement and crystallisation resulted from intersection with the H
2
O-saturated liquidus at ~4 km. H
2
O contents are as important as temperature in the development of super-liquidus magmas during ascent, blurring distinctions between apparently ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ granites. The trace-element contents of most accessory minerals are controlled by competitive crystallisation of other accessory minerals in small melt batches, consistent with the incremental assembly of large granitic plutons.
Prophylactic dressings are increasingly used to prevent pressure injuries in hospitalised patients. However, evidence regarding the effectiveness of these dressings is still emerging. This trial aims ...to determine the clinical and cost-effectiveness of a prophylactic silicone foam border dressing in preventing sacral pressure injuries in medical-surgical patients.
This is a multicentre, pragmatic, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. A sample size of 1320 was calculated to have >90% power to detect a 5% difference in the primary outcome at an alpha of 0.05. Adult patients admitted to participating medical-surgical wards are screened for eligibility: ≥18 years, admitted to hospital within the previous 36 h, expected length of stay of ≥24 h, and assessed high risk for hospital-acquired pressure injury. Consenting participants are randomly allocated to either prophylactic silicone foam dressing intervention or usual care without any dressing as the control group via a web-based randomisation service independent of the trial. Patients are enrolled across three Australian hospitals. The primary outcome is the cumulative incidence of patients who develop a sacral pressure injury. Secondary outcomes include the time to sacral pressure injury, incidence of severity (stage) of sacral pressure injury, cost-effectiveness of dressings, and process evaluation. Participant outcomes are assessed daily for up to 14 days by blinded independent outcome assessors using de-identified, digitally modified sacral photographs. Those who develop a sacral pressure injury are followed for an additional 14 days to estimate costs of pressure injury treatment. Analysis of clinical outcomes will be based on intention-to-treat, per-protocol, and sensitivity analyses.
This trial aims to provide definitive evidence on the effect prophylactic dressings have on the development of hospital-acquired sacral pressure injuries in medical-surgical patients. A parallel economic evaluation of pressure injury prevention and treatment will enable evidence-informed decisions and policy. The inclusion of a process evaluation will help to explain the contextual factors that may have a bearing on trial results including the acceptability of the dressings to patients and staff. The trial commenced 5 March 2020 and has been significantly delayed due to COVID-19.
ANZCTR ACTRN12619000763145. Prospectively registered on 22 May 2019.
Hemodiafiltration (HDF) is used sporadically for renal replacement therapy in Europe but not in the US. Characteristics and outcomes were compared for patients receiving HDF versus hemodialysis (HD) ...in five European countries in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. The study followed 2165 patients from 1998 to 2001, stratified into four groups: low- and high-flux HD, and low- and high-efficiency HDF. Patient characteristics including age, sex, 14 comorbid conditions, and time on dialysis were compared between each group using multivariate logistic regression. Cox proportional hazards regression assessed adjusted differences in mortality risk. Prevalence of HDF ranged from 1.8% in Spain to 20.1% in Italy. Compared to low-flux HD, patients receiving low-efficiency HDF had significantly longer average duration of end-stage renal disease (7.0 versus 4.7 years), more history of cancer (15.4 versus 8.7%), and lower phosphorus (5.3 versus 5.6 mg/dl); patients receiving high-efficiency HDF had significantly more lung disease (15.5 versus 10.2%) and received a higher single-pool Kt/V (1.44 versus 1.35). High-efficiency HDF patients had lower crude mortality rates than low-flux HD patients. After adjustment, high-efficiency HDF patients had a significant 35% lower mortality risk than those receiving low-flux HD (relative risk=0.65, P=0.01). These observational results suggest that HDF may improve patient survival independently of its higher dialysis dose. Owing to possible selection bias, the potential benefits of HDF must be tested by controlled clinical trials before recommendations can be made for clinical practice.
Live donation benefits recipients, but the long‐term consequences for donors remain uncertain. Renal and Lung Living Donors Evaluation Study surveyed kidney donors (N = 2455; 61% women; mean age 58, ...aged 24–94; mean time from donation 17 years, range 5–48 years) using the Short Form‐36 Health Survey (SF‐36). The 95% confidence intervals for White and African‐American donors included or exceeded SF‐36 norms. Over 80% of donors reported average or above average health for their age and sex (p < 0.0001). Donors' age–sex adjusted physical component summary (PCS) scores declined by half a point each decade after donation (p = 0.0027); there was no decline in mental component summary (MCS) scores. White donors' PCS scores were three points higher (p = 0.0004) than non‐Whites'; this difference remained constant over time. Nine percent of donors had impaired health (PCS or MCS score >1 SD below norm). Obesity, history of psychiatric difficulties and non‐White race were risk factors for impaired physical health; history of psychiatric difficulties was a risk factor for impaired mental health. Education, older donation age and a first‐degree relation to the recipient were protective factors. One percent reported that donation affected their health very negatively. Enhanced predonation evaluation and counseling may be warranted, along with ongoing monitoring for overweight donors.
Questionnaires completed by 2544 living donors 5 to 48 years postnephrectomy show that 80% have average or better health‐related quality of life for their age and sex based on SF‐36 norms and that obesity, history of psychiatric difficulties and nonwhite race are risk factors for poor health‐related quality of life outcomes, whereas being older, having more education and/or being a first‐degree relation to the recipient predict better outcomes.
This paper presents a procedure for locating variability in structural stiffness. For some types of structure, this variability is directly related to manufacturing defects and/or in-service damage. ...Unlike many published damage detection methods, the procedure presented here uses only data obtained from the damaged structure. Baseline data and theoretical models of the undamaged structure are not used during the analysis presented here. The procedure locates regions in a structure where the stiffness varies. Providing it is known that the structure, in its undamaged state, is homogeneous with respect to stiffness, the procedure will detect the areas of inhomogeneity that are caused by the incipient damage. For non-homogeneous structures, some knowledge of the structural details (for example, engineering drawings or a baseline test) is required in order to discriminate damage. The procedure is a two-dimensional generalization of a previously published one-dimensional gapped smoothing method, whereby local features in vibration curvature shapes are extracted using a localized curve fit (i.e., smoothing). A variability index is generated for each test point on the structure. Increased variability is due either to structural stiffness features or damage. A statistical treatment of the indices enables discrimination of areas with significant stiffness variability. Providing the damaged areas are sufficiently small compared to the total surface area, their indices will be statistical outliers. The procedure can either analyze mode shape data, or frequency dependent operating displacement shape data.
The procedure is demonstrated with a finite element model of a plate, and experiments on composite plates with deliberately induced multiple delaminations. Finally, the method is demonstrated on data taken from a large composite hull structure. In all cases the procedure successfully located the damaged regions.
Low-power, and relatively low-cost, gas sensors have potential to improve understanding of intra-urban air pollution variation by enabling data capture over wider networks than is possible with ...‘traditional’ reference analysers. We evaluated an Aeroqual Ltd. Series 500 semiconducting metal oxide O3 and an electrochemical NO2 sensor against UK national network reference analysers for more than 2 months at an urban background site in central Edinburgh. Hourly-average Aeroqual O3 sensor observations were highly correlated (R2 = 0.91) and of similar magnitude to observations from the UV-absorption reference O3 analyser. The Aeroqual NO2 sensor observations correlated poorly with the reference chemiluminescence NO2 analyser (R2 = 0.02), but the deviations between Aeroqual and reference analyser values (NO2Aeroq − NO2ref) were highly significantly correlated with concurrent Aeroqual O3 sensor observations O3Aeroq. This permitted effective linear calibration of the NO2Aeroq data, evaluated using ‘hold out’ subsets of the data (R2 ≥ 0.85). These field observations under temperate environmental conditions suggest that the Aeroqual Series 500 NO2 and O3 monitors have good potential to be useful ambient air monitoring instruments in urban environments provided that the O3 and NO2 gas sensors are calibrated against reference analysers and deployed in parallel.
BIOLOGICAL MEDIATORS OF INSECT IMMUNITY Gillespie and, Jeremy P; Kanost, Michael R; Trenczek, Tina
Annual review of entomology,
01/1997, Letnik:
42, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Infection in insects stimulates a complex defensive response. Recognition of
pathogens may be accomplished by plasma or hemocyte proteins that bind
specifically to bacterial or fungal ...polysaccharides. Several morphologically
distinct hemocyte cell types cooperate in the immune response. Hemocytes attach
to invading organisms and then isolate them by phagocytosis, by trapping them
in hemocyte aggregates called nodules, or by forming an organized multicellular
capsule around large parasites. These responses are often accompanied by
proteolytic activation of the phenoloxidase zymogen that is present in the
hemolymph. A component of insect immune responses to bacteria is the synthesis
by fat body and hemocytes of a variety of antibacterial proteins and peptides,
which are secreted into the hemolymph. These molecules attack bacteria by
several mechanisms. Inducible antifungal proteins have also been recently
discovered in insect hemolymph. The promoters for several antibacterial protein
genes in insects are regulated by transcription factors similar to those
involved in mammalian acute phase responses.
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