L’allaitement maternel est une thématique de santé publique : les dépenses de santé liées au non-allaitement ont pu être évaluées aux États-Unis et au Royaume-Uni et se chiffrent annuellement en ...milliards de dollars ou en dizaines de millions de livres. L’allaitement maternel appartient également à la sphère familiale et intime : sa pratique implique la mise en œuvre d’affects et de ressentis qui échappent à la rationalité. Les professionnels de santé ont pour mission de promouvoir la santé sur le plan physique, mental et social. L’information et l’accompagnement individualisé sont essentiels pour permettre aux parents de mettre en œuvre le meilleur choix possible en étant acteurs de leur santé et de celle de leur enfant. Il existe des outils de communication et d’accompagnement permettant de créer une relation de confiance entre professionnels et parents, de leur délivrer les informations pertinentes et d’accompagner leur réflexion tout en les soutenant dans leur choix. En France, les professionnels de santé peuvent s’appuyer sur un outil d’intervention et d’éducation proposé par l’Institut national de prévention et de d’éducation à la santé (INPES) dans le dossier thématique « Grossesse et Accueil de l’enfant ». Il confère une grande homogénéité aux différentes interventions professionnelles au cours de la grossesse et par la suite. Il vise à favoriser et à consolider les compétences parentales. Ainsi, le soutien à l’allaitement maternel s’inscrit dans une dynamique de soutien à la parentalité, centrée sur les personnes, et non sur l’objet, pour des raisons aussi bien d’éthique que d’efficacité.
Breastfeeding is a public health issue: health expenditures related to not breastfeeding have been evaluated in the US and the UK, annually amounting to billions of dollars and tens of millions of pounds. Breastfeeding is also a family issue, and this intimate practice involves the presence of emotions and feelings going beyond rationality. Healthcare professionals are responsible for promoting health in the physical, mental, and social domains. Information and individualized support are essential to enable parents to make the best possible choice and play an active role in their own health and that of their child. There are communication and support tools to help build a trusting relationship between professionals and parents, to provide relevant information, and to assist parents in their reflection, while supporting them in their choices. In France, healthcare professionals have available a tool for intervention and education proposed by the French Institute for Health Promotion and Health Education (Institut national de prévention et d’éducation pour la santé, INPES) in the Pregnancy and Parenting section. It provides a high degree of homogeneity in the various healthcare professional's interventions occurring during pregnancy and thereafter. It aims to promote and strengthen parenting skills. Thus, support for breastfeeding is part of a dynamic process to support parenting, focused on people, not on the object, for both ethical and effectiveness reasons.
The discovery of new variants has leveled off in recent years in epilepsy studies, despite the use of very large cohorts. Consequently, most of the heritability is still unexplained. Rare non-coding ...variants have been largely ignored in studies on epilepsy, although non-coding single nucleotide variants can have a significant impact on gene expression. We had access to whole genome sequencing (WGS) from 247 epilepsy patients and 377 controls. To assess the functional impact of non-coding variants, ExPecto, a deep learning algorithm was used to predict expression change in brain tissues. We compared the burden of rare non-coding deleterious variants between cases and controls. Rare non-coding highly deleterious variants were significantly enriched in Genetic Generalized Epilepsy (GGE), but not in Non-Acquired Focal Epilepsy (NAFE) or all epilepsy cases when compared with controls. In this study we showed that rare non-coding deleterious variants are associated with epilepsy, specifically with GGE. Larger WGS epilepsy cohort will be needed to investigate those effects at a greater resolution. Nevertheless, we demonstrated the importance of studying non-coding regions in epilepsy, a disease where new discoveries are scarce.
Ice formation within rock is known to be an important driver of near-surface frost weathering as well as of rock damage at the depth of several meters, which may play a crucial role for the slow ...preconditioning of rock fall in steep permafrost areas. This letter reports results from an experiment where acoustic emission monitoring was used to investigate rock damage in a high-alpine rock-wall induced by natural thermal cycling and freezing/thawing. The analysis of the large catalog of events obtained shows (i) robust power-law distributions in the time and energy domains, a footprint of rock micro-fracturing activity induced by stresses arising from thermal variations and associated freezing/thawing of rock; (ii) an increase in AE activity under sub-zero rock-temperatures, suggesting the importance of freezing-induced stresses. AE activity further increases in locations of the rock-wall that are prone to receiving melt water. These results suggest that the framework of further modeling studies (theoretical and numerical) should include damage, elastic interaction and poro-mechanics in order to describe freezing-related stresses.
► Monitoring of acoustic emission in the field during freezing–thawing cycles. ► Power-law distribution of damage events in energy and time domains. ► Damage activity related to negative temperature and liquid water availability. ► Spatial heterogeneity of the acoustic emission with important consequence for frost weathering estimation at large scales.
Sorghum is a versatile, drought and heat tolerant crop that fits well in sustainable production systems. Sorghum grain has attractive attributes highly relevant to modern food use, especially in ...relation to chronic disease prevention. The sorghum endosperm generally has a slower digesting starch profile than other cereal grains, which contributes to slowed gastric emptying and may thus benefit satiety and weight management. In addition, the diversity of phytochemicals in sorghum, especially the polyphenols, have been linked to various benefits, including improvements in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism, as well as reduced fat accumulation, and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in recent human trials. Despite the health benefits, the use of sorghum as a food ingredient severely lags its potential. The review focuses primarily on highlighting some of the challenges facing sorghum as a modern food ingredient, and discusses how the unique chemistry and properties of sorghum polyphenols can be exploited to improve food quality, while providing enhanced bioactive functionality.
•Sorghum a rich source of diverse bioactive compounds.•Unique polyphenols in sorghum have superior health benefits vs other grains.•Unique sorghum polyphenols have functional advantages as food ingredients.•Sorghum has immense potential as a sustainable, environment friendly food.
Proanthocyanidins (PA) cross-link proteins and could expand wheat gluten functionality; however, how the PA MW or gluten profile affect these interactions is unknown. Effect of PA MW profile (sorghum ...versus grape seed PA) on dough rheology of high versus low insoluble polymeric protein (IPP) wheat flour was evaluated using mixograph, large (TA.XT2i) and small (HAAKE Rheostress 6000) deformation rheometry. Sorghum PA (93% polymeric) more effectively (p < 0.05) strengthened both glutens than grape seed PA (45% polymeric), without reducing gluten extensibility. These effects were higher in low IPP (weak gluten) flour, e.g., sorghum PA doubled IPP, increased mix time by 75%, dough elasticity by 82%, and peak angle by 17° versus control. Grape seed PA increased IPP by 75% and elasticity by 36%, but reduced peak angle by 15°, indicating reduced mixing tolerance. Sorghum PA, but not grape seed PA, increased (p < 0.05) all above parameters in high IPP dough. Polymeric PA more effectively strengthened gluten than oligomeric PA, likely via more efficient protein cross-linking to overcome strong antioxidant effect of PA. High MW PA may be useful natural gluten strengtheners for diverse applications.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective death of motor neurons. Causative mutations in the global RNA-processing proteins TDP-43 and ...FUS among others, as well as their aggregation in ALS patients, have identified defects in RNA metabolism as an important feature in this disease. Lethal congenital contracture syndrome 1 and lethal arthrogryposis with anterior horn cell disease are autosomal recessive fetal motor neuron diseases that are caused by mutations in another global RNA-processing protein, hGle1. In this study, we carried out the first screening of GLE1 in ALS patients (173 familial and 760 sporadic) and identified 2 deleterious mutations (1 splice site and 1 nonsense mutation) and 1 missense mutation. Functional analysis of the deleterious mutants revealed them to be unable to rescue motor neuron pathology in zebrafish morphants lacking Gle1. Furthermore, in HeLa cells, both mutations caused a depletion of hGle1 at the nuclear pore where it carries out an essential role in nuclear export of mRNA. These results suggest a haploinsufficiency mechanism and point to a causative role for GLE1 mutations in ALS patients. This further supports the involvement of global defects in RNA metabolism in ALS.
Epilepsy will affect nearly 3% of people at some point during their lifetime. Previous copy number variants (CNVs) studies of epilepsy have used array-based technology and were restricted to the ...detection of large or exonic events. In contrast, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has the potential to more comprehensively profile CNVs but existing analytic methods suffer from limited accuracy. We show that this is in part due to the non-uniformity of read coverage, even after intra-sample normalization. To improve on this, we developed PopSV, an algorithm that uses multiple samples to control for technical variation and enables the robust detection of CNVs. Using WGS and PopSV, we performed a comprehensive characterization of CNVs in 198 individuals affected with epilepsy and 301 controls. For both large and small variants, we found an enrichment of rare exonic events in epilepsy patients, especially in genes with predicted loss-of-function intolerance. Notably, this genome-wide survey also revealed an enrichment of rare non-coding CNVs near previously known epilepsy genes. This enrichment was strongest for non-coding CNVs located within 100 Kbp of an epilepsy gene and in regions associated with changes in the gene expression, such as expression QTLs or DNase I hypersensitive sites. Finally, we report on 21 potentially damaging events that could be associated with known or new candidate epilepsy genes. Our results suggest that comprehensive sequence-based profiling of CNVs could help explain a larger fraction of epilepsy cases.
De novo mutations (DNM) are an important source of rare variants and are increasingly being linked to the development of many diseases. Recently, the paternal age effect has been the focus of a ...number of studies that attempt to explain the observation that increasing paternal age increases the risk for a number of diseases. Using disease-free familial quartets we show that there is a strong positive correlation between paternal age and germline DNM in healthy subjects. We also observed that germline CNVs do not follow the same trend, suggesting a different mechanism. Finally, we observed that DNM were not evenly distributed across the genome, which adds support to the existence of DNM hotspots.
•Proanthocyanidins (PA) quenched gliadin’s tryptophan fluorescence.•75 °C treatment yielded the greatest gliadin-PA interactions.•PA interacted with gliadins via static quenching, mostly hydrophobic ...interactions.•Some covalent gliadin-PA interactions also occurred (pH ∼ 6).
Understanding wheat gliadin-proanthocyanidin (PA) interactions would be useful to systematically control foams and gels, create novel textures, and reduce inflammatory reactions. This work aimed to determine the effects of heat (50–90 °C) on gliadin-proanthocyanidin (PA) interactions. Gliadin-PA mixtures were heated for 30 min in aqueous ethanol, and resulting morphology, fluorescence, and MW distribution were analyzed. Atomic force microscopy showed that PA greatly increased gliadin particle size, especially with heat. PA significantly quenched gliadin’s tryptophan fluorescence. Further fluorescence data analysis indicated that PA interacted with gliadins through static quenching, primarily via hydrophobic interactions, and that 75 °C treatment yielded the greatest gliadin-PA interactions, likely because the proteins unraveled and exposed residues for interaction. PA appeared to interact mostly with ω-gliadins, based on their absence in the SDS-PAGE gel. Though it has been overshadowed in previous studies by non-covalent interactions, staining of quinoproteins indicated that PA covalently cross-linked gliadins at pH ∼ 6.
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