Open Licensing et patrimoine Gizzi, Chiara
Informationswissenschaft: Theorie, Methode und Praxis,
07/2020, Letnik:
6, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Openness ‘ouverture’ est l’un des mots clé de l’époque numérique. Issu du milieu informatique, où l’utilisation massive peut être associée à des monopoles distorsifs du marché, ce concept façonne ...l’action des institutions culturelles en train de mettre en place des politiques adaptées au partage et à l’accès au patrimoine tout en prenant en compte les possibilités offertes par les moyens techniques, leur durabilité et le respect des droits. En effet, si la démocratisation et la transparence sont mises en avant, ne sont pourtant pas caduques les obligations de tutelle des droits des personnes (droit d’auteur, protection des données personnelles – y inclus le droit à l’image) ; bien au contraire : le contexte numérique a poussé à une adaptation encore en cours du cadre légal. Dans la pratique, on peut facilement constater que souvent les documents nés-numériques, qui seraient déjà adaptés à une diffusion massive, sont consultables seulement sur place et avec des ordinateurs ne permettant aucune forme de téléchargement.
Les institutions patrimoniales sont appelées à se positionner et à élaborer une politique qui concilie la mise à disposition, la tutelle des droits et une gestion avisée.
Dans ce travail nous faisons état des questions légales et des pratiques de mise à disposition numérique sous le profil des droits d’utilisation et de réutilisation. Notre perspective d’enquête porte sur un champ limité aux collections spéciales (y compris les archives) en bibliothèque et dans ce domaine aux documents textuels et iconographiques publiés ainsi qu’aux inédits. Nous examinons les problématiques posées par le droit d’auteur (et par son évolution récente dans la culture juridique et en général dans la société) et par la protection des droits de la personnalité à la croisée des pratiques bibliothécaires et archivistiques ainsi que les propositions de réforme à l’étude. Une attention particulière comporte l’accessibilité aux reproductions des documents (spécialement des documents uniques) tombés dans le domaine public.
Les retours d’expérience et les réflexions actuelles – surtout au niveau européen – dans les institutions patrimoniales montrent les enjeux et les opportunités du changement en cours. En l’absence de contraintes légales externes aux institutions, les choix sont encore plus déterminés par des politiques de numérisation en voie de définition ou de redéfinition. Nous examinons enfin brièvement les projets et la perspective de quelques institutions suisses : l’Universitätsbibliothek Basel, la Zentralbibliothek Zürich (en particulier le projet DigiTUR), les Archives cantonales vaudoises et la Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire – Lausanne.
Lipid disorders have been implicated in overweight and menopause. However, evidence on lipidomic analysis of fatty acids in erythrocytes of menopausal women is scarce. The aim of this study was to ...investigate the relationship between the body mass index within or beyond 5 years of menopause and erythrocyte fatty acid profile. This case-control study was conducted on out of 37 menopausal women total patients, 22 with body mass index ≥ 25 and 12 matched controls (body mass index <25). Experimental procedures were performed on the blood through robotic equipment for isolation of erythrocyte and cell membrane fatty acids were analyzed by using gas-liquid chromatography. Results showed that erythrocyte membranes did not change significantly in lipid composition between case and control group. However, the percentage of women who had a physiological content of saturated fatty acids was lower in case than in control group, and the percentage of women who had a physiological content of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids was lower in control than in case group. Woman with BMI>25 and non-physiological content of fatty acids, were richer in percentage of saturated fatty acids and poorer of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids than women with BMI<25. The percentage of physiological n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated ratio was lower in women with BMI>25 than in women with BMI<25. Interestingly, the percentage of patients that had physiological values of lipids beyond 5 years of menopause increased in comparison patients within 5 years of menopause. Notably, n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids physiological ratio beyond 5 years of menopause increased in both case and control patients, indicating normalization over time. In conclusion erythrocytes fatty acids composition may be related to the body mass index and to the time from menopause.
Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and its impact on cognition in older people has been demonstrated, but many points remain unclarified. In order to study the effect of aging on the thyroid gland, we ...compared the thyroid gland of very old mice with that of younger ones. We have first investigated the changes of thyroid microstructure and the possibility that molecules involved in thyroid function might be associated with structural changes. Results from this study indicate changes in the height of the thyrocytes and in the amplitude of interfollicular spaces, anomalous expression/localization of thyrotropin, thyrotropin receptor, and thyroglobulin aging. Thyrotropin and thyrotropin receptor are upregulated and are distributed inside the colloid while thyroglobulin fills the interfollicular spaces. In an approach aimed at defining the behavior of molecules that change in different physiopathological conditions of thyroid, such as galectin-3 and sphingomyelinase, we then wondered what was their behavior in the thyroid gland in aging. Importantly, in comparison with the thyroid of young animals, we have found a higher expression of galectin-3 and a delocalization of neutral sphingomyelinase in the thyroid of old animals. A possible relationship between galectin-3, neutral sphingomyelinase, and aging has been discussed.
We report that prosaposin binds to U937 and is active as a protective factor on tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced cell death. The prosaposin-derived saposin C binds to U937 cells in a ...concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that prosaposin behaves similarly. Prosaposin binding induces U937 cell death prevention, reducing both necrosis and apoptosis. This effect was inhibited by mitogen-activated protein ERK kinase (MEK) and sphingosine kinase (SK) inhibitors, indicating that prosaposin prevents cell apoptosis by activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and sphingosine kinase. Prosaposin led to rapid ERK phosphorylation in U937 cells as detected by anti-phospho-p44/42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and anti-phosphotyrosine reactivity on ERK immunoprecipitates. It was partially prevented by apo B-100 and pertussis toxin (PT), suggesting that both lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) receptor and Go-coupled receptor may play a role in the prosaposin-triggered pathway. Moreover, sphingosine kinase activity was increased by prosaposin treatment as demonstrated by the enhanced intracellular formation of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S-1-P). The observation that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin prevented the prosaposin effect on cell apoptosis suggests that sphingosine kinase exerts its anti-apoptotic activity by the PI3K–Akt pathway.
Thus, cell apoptosis prevention by prosaposin occurs through ERK phosphorylation and sphingosine kinase. The biological effect triggered by prosaposin might be extended to primary cells because it triggers Erk phosphorylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This is the first evidence of a biological effect consequent to a signal transduction pathway triggered by prosaposin in cells of non-neurological origin.
Therapeutic angiogenesis by autologous-peripheral blood mononuclear cells (A-PBMNC) implantation has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment for critical limb ischemia (CLI). We herein report ...our investigation of the long-term efficacy of implantation of A-PBMNC produced by selective filtration to treat patients with CLI, for which surgical bypass and/or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty are not possible.
This is a prospective, and not a randomized, study based on a treated group who did not respond to conventional therapy (n=43) when implanted with A-PBMNC cells versus a historically matched control group. Patients of both groups were suffering from CLI Fontaine scale IV with chronic ulcers and various accompanying conditions (diabetes, heart disease, kidney failure, etc.). Treated patients were implanted with 12 mL of A-PBMNC, 0.2-0.3 mL for each bolus, collected by selective filtration from 120 mL of peripheral blood in the ischemic area of the limbs. Patients were not mobilized by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and the A-PBMNC treatment was repeated for a maximum of three times.
The A-PBMNC-treated group showed a statistically significant improvement of limb rescue of 95.3% versus 52.2% of the control group (p<0.001), and the result had been maintained for 2 years. The A-PBMNC group also showed reduction in pain at rest, increased maximum walking distance, and healing of the wound, which led to an overall improvement in the quality of life. Post-treatment radiological studies showed an improvement of vascularization with the formation of new collateral and by histological findings. Within 2 years of follow-up, none of the patients whom we treated showed any major or systemic adverse effects.
The local injection of A-PBMNC showed striking early and long-term effects together with a favorable safety profile, significantly decreasing the risk of amputation. Our results are comparable with published data obtained by injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells, but with a lot less invasive approach. Moreover the intraoperative selective filtration system we used is fast, safe, not operator dependent, and easy to use in a sterile operating theatre. This system aims to produce fresh A-PBMNC as a valuable treatment option, particularly for those difficult patients who cannot undergo revascularization.
Different colors of human breast milk (HBM) are reported in literature, and black milk is produced only during minocycline therapy. We herein report two cases of black/dark gray color HBM without ...minocycline involvement. We analyzed both milk samples and compared the data with two control HBM samples taken from two mothers who had the same dietary behaviors and took the same supplements (iron) as done by the mothers under study. Results indicated that the black color was not due to iron intake, disease or infection. With Sudan III stain, specific for lipids, dark precipitates were evident. Antioxidant power was much higher in studied milk samples than in control samples. As antioxidants at high levels become pro-oxidants, our data suggested possible lipid oxidation. Sphingolipid profile of black milk samples demonstrated accumulation of sphingomyelin and ceramide, which could be a sign of impaired lipid metabolism. It was concluded that iron supplementation was not responsible for HBM pigmentation, but altered biochemical mechanisms in the mammary gland could be implicated. In our experience, dark color HBM did not represent an absolute indication for discontinuation of breastfeeding.
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