Essential oils have been studied to replace synthetic chemical preservatives, among these oils, the thyme essential oil stands out. However, in addition to promoting microbial control, synthetic ...chemical preservatives impart a characteristic color to inlaid products, a parameter not attained by the application of essential oils. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the joint addition of thyme essential oil and powdered beet juice to meat sausage, for a partial or total reduction of the addition of nitrates and nitrites. The thyme essential oil showed a high inhibitory action against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in the concentration of 9.17 mg/mL, and bactericidal effect in the concentrations of 9.17 mg/mL and 36.68 mg/mL respectively, in all tests applied in vitro. When applied to meat sausages, it showed an inhibitory effect against coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, reducing the microorganism count, and partial inhibition of aerobic mesophilic bacteria. No interference was observed in the multiplication of thermotolerant coliforms in the meat product. When evaluated sensorially, the sausage presented good general acceptability, with acceptance levels above 75%. The combined uses of thyme essential oil and powdered beet juice showed potential viability for use in substitution for nitrates and nitrites in meat sausages.
•Thyme essential oil has antimicrobial activity in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.•Thyme essential oil and powdered beet juice promoted the control of microorganisms in meat sausages.•Meat sausages with thyme essential oil or powdered beet juice have good sensory acceptance.
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•Agro-industrial byproducts valorization through fungi bioconversion.•Peach palm shells opening prospects to livestock and circular bioeconomy.•Nutritional high-value bioproducts (SSF ...and SMS) for beef cattle diets.•Digestibility rate maintenance and mushroom β-glucans inclusion on cattle diets.•Bioproducts can help with ruminant GHG emissions mitigation.
This paper aims to develop and assess the in vitro effects on ruminal fermentation and greenhouse gas parameters of new bioproducts for beef cattle diets, carried out by solid-state fermentation of peach palm shells colonized by Lentinula edodes (SSF) and after Shiitake mushroom cultivation in axenic blocks (SMS). In vitro experiments were performed to assess the in vitro gas production, digestibility, and fiber degradation of formulated total diets. Bioproducts presented high β-glucans (9.44–––11.27 %) and protein (10.04–––8.35 %) contents, as well as similar digestibility to conventional diets. SMS diet had the lowest methane and carbon dioxide (19.1 and 84.1 mM/g OM) production, and the SSF diet presented lower carbon dioxide production (98.9 mM/g OM) than other diets, whereas methane was similar. This study highlighted a sustainable use of byproducts for beef cattle diets, promising for digestibility, nutritional value, β-glucans incorporation, and environmental impact mitigation, favoring the circular bioeconomy.
Herpesviruses are significant pathogens of ruminants. In water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), however, herpesviruses have not been thoroughly studied. Although bubaline alphaherpesvirus 1 (BuAHV1) and ...bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1) have already been recovered from water buffaloes, to date, no reports on the occurrence of bovine alphaherpesvirus 5 (BoAHV5) in these animals have been published. Therefore, the aim of this study was to search for BuAHV1, BoAHV1, and BoAHV5 in palatine tonsils of apparently healthy water buffaloes from the Pará state, Northern Brazil. Tissue samples of tonsils (n = 293) were screened by a nested PCR (nPCR) targeting a region of UL44 (gC coding gene), followed by sequencing, to detect and differentiate between the viral types. Viral genome segments were detected in 18 out of 293 (6.1%) of the palatine tonsil samples. Two animals carried genomes of BoAHV1 only, eleven animals carried BoAHV5 genomes only, and four animals carried BuAHV1 only. Another animal had both BoAHV1 and BoAHV5 genomes in its tonsils. No infectious virus could be recovered from any of the samples. The BuAHV1 sequences identified here were more closely related to BuAHV1 genomes identified in India. Phylogenetic analyses suggested a closer relationship between the recovered BoAHV5 and BuAHV1 genomes. Therefore, evidence is provided here to confirm that not only BoAHV1 and BuAHV1, but also BoAHV5, can infect water buffaloes. This report highlights (i) the first detection of BoAHV5 in water buffaloes and (ii) the occurrence of coinfections with BoAHV1 and BoAHV5 in that species. Such findings and the similarity of BoAHV5 to Indian herpesvirus genomes suggest that the origin of type 5 may be linked to recombinations between bovine and bubaline herpesviruses within bubalines, since the scenario for generation of recombinants in buffaloes is potentially present.
